Exam 16: B: Cultural Transformations Religion and Science 1450-1750

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant challenge in the Counter-Reformation?

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•In the Council of Trent,the Church clarified and reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and practices (authority of the pope,priestly celibacy,veneration of relics and saints,emphasis on church tradition,and good works).
•Abuses and corruption were addressed and corrected.
•Education of priests was emphasized.
•Priests were to be supervised by bishops.
•Books were censored.
•Dissidents were fined,exiled,or made to pay penance;sometimes heretics were burned.
•More attention was paid to individual spirituality and personal piety.
•New religious orders were founded (for example,Society of Jesus).

How did the traditional belief systems of Christian converts influence their interpretation and practice of Christianity?

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•In Peru,the spirits of local gods (huacas)continued to influence Christian converts.
•In Mexico,saints were linked with local gods.The Virgin of Guadalupe combined Mesoamerican and Spanish notions of Divine Motherhood.The leader of the church staff carried on the traditions and role of earlier religious specialists.
•In China,the Christian idea of eternal life was associated with Daoist prescriptions for immortality.
•Africanized versions of Christianity in the New World featured common African forms of religious revelation: divination,dream interpretation,visions,and spirit possession.Examples of syncretic religions include Vodou in Haiti,Santeria in Cuba,and Candomblé and Macumba in Brazil.
•West African traditions (drumming,ritual dancing,animal sacrifice,and spirit possession)incorporated Christian beliefs and practices such as church attendance,search for salvation,use of candles and crucifixes,and identification of spirits and deities with Catholic saints.

Why did Catholic missionaries have their greatest success in Spanish America and in the Philippines?

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•An overwhelming European presence in those regions,experienced variously as military conquest,colonial settlement,missionary activity,forced labor,social disruption,and disease
•The absence of a preexisting,literate world religion in those regions

What major movements in early modern India brought some Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression,and how do those movements differ from each other?

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Question 4

Which groups of people were drawn to Protestantism and why?

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Question 5

How did science in the nineteenth century both reflect the influence of the Enlightenment and undermine its basic assumptions?

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Question 6

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation in Western Europe challenge the authority of the pope?

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Question 7

How did the strategy of Christian missionaries in China differ from their strategy in Spanish America?

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Question 8

What made the Scientific Revolution revolutionary?

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Exam 16: B: Cultural Transformations Religion and Science 1450-1750

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant challenge in the Counter-Reformation?

How did the traditional belief systems of Christian converts influence their interpretation and practice of Christianity?

Why did Catholic missionaries have their greatest success in Spanish America and in the Philippines?

What major movements in early modern India brought some Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression,and how do those movements differ from each other?

Which groups of people were drawn to Protestantism and why?

How did science in the nineteenth century both reflect the influence of the Enlightenment and undermine its basic assumptions?

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation in Western Europe challenge the authority of the pope?

How did the strategy of Christian missionaries in China differ from their strategy in Spanish America?

What made the Scientific Revolution revolutionary?

A: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

B: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

C: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

D: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

E: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

F: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

G: First Peoples; First Farmers Most of History in a Single Chapter to 4000 B.C.E

A: First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E-500 B.C.E

B: First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E-500 B.C.E

C: First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E-500 B.C.E

D: First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E-500 B.C.E

E: First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E-500 B.C.E

F: First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E-500 B.C.E

A: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

B: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

C: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

D: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

E: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

F: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

G: State and Empire in Eurasianorth Africa 500 B.C.E-500 C.E

A: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

B: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

C: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

D: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

E: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

F: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

G: Culture and Religion in Eurasianorth Africa 500

A: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

B: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

C: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

D: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

E: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

F: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

G: Society and Inequality in Eurasia

A: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

B: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

C: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

D: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

E: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

F: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

G: Commonalities and Variations Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania

Extension (3-6): First Things First: Beginnings in History, to 500 B.C.E.

A: Commerce and Culture 500-1500

B: Commerce and Culture 500-1500

C: Commerce and Culture 500-1500

D: Commerce and Culture 500-1500

E: Commerce and Culture 500-1500

A: China and the World East Asian Connections 500-1300

B: China and the World East Asian Connections 500-1300

C: China and the World East Asian Connections 500-1300

D: China and the World East Asian Connections 500-1300

E: China and the World East Asian Connections 500-1300

A: The Worlds of Islam Afro-Eurasian Connections 600-1500

B: The Worlds of Islam Afro-Eurasian Connections 600-1500

C: The Worlds of Islam Afro-Eurasian Connections 600-1500

D: The Worlds of Islam Afro-Eurasian Connections 600-1500

E: The Worlds of Islam Afro-Eurasian Connections 600-1500

A: The Worlds of Christendom Contraction, Expansion, and Division 500-1300

B: The Worlds of Christendom Contraction, Expansion, and Division 500-1300

C: The Worlds of Christendom Contraction, Expansion, and Division 500-1300

D: The Worlds of Christendom Contraction, Expansion, and Division 500-1300

E: The Worlds of Christendom Contraction, Expansion, and Division 500-1300

A: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage the Mongol Moment 1200-1500

B: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage the Mongol Moment 1200-1500

C: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage the Mongol Moment 1200-1500

D: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage the Mongol Moment 1200-1500

E: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage the Mongol Moment 1200-1500

A: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century

B: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century

C: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century