Question 1

How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior. 
B)  A rock deformed slowly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior. 
C)  The rate of deformation has no effect on a rock's behavior. 
D)  The rate of deformation is important only below the brittle/plastic transition. 
A)  A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior. 
B)  A rock deformed slowly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior. 
C)  The rate of deformation has no effect on a rock's behavior. 
D)  The rate of deformation is important only below the brittle/plastic transition.

Question 2

What is the primary reason why mountains substantially taller than Mt.Everest are unlikely to arise on the Earth?

Accepted Answer

A)  The high geothermal gradient in the crust causes mountains to collapse under their own weight. 
B)  Exhumation proceeds faster than uplift. 
C)  Extreme elevations cause chemical weathering to outpace uplift. 
D)  Uplift is limited by the rate of subduction. 
A)  The high geothermal gradient in the crust causes mountains to collapse under their own weight. 
B)  Exhumation proceeds faster than uplift. 
C)  Extreme elevations cause chemical weathering to outpace uplift. 
D)  Uplift is limited by the rate of subduction.

Question 3

How is stress different from strain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Strain is a measure of the total displacement on a fault. 
B)  Stress is the change in shape of a rock due to applied strain. 
C)  Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress. 
D)  They are not different: stress and strain are synonymous. 
A)  Strain is a measure of the total displacement on a fault. 
B)  Stress is the change in shape of a rock due to applied strain. 
C)  Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress. 
D)  They are not different: stress and strain are synonymous.

Question 4

On a geologic map,if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull's-eye pattern of concentric circles,with the oldest unit in the center,the underlying structure is a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  anticline 
B)  basin 
C)  dome 
D)  syncline 
A)  anticline 
B)  basin 
C)  dome 
D)  syncline

Question 5

Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed,in part,by ___________ in the crust.

Accepted Answer

A)  compression 
B)  stretching 
C)  extension 
D)  elongation 
A)  compression 
B)  stretching 
C)  extension 
D)  elongation

Question 6

Which type of a fault is the result of deformation to accommodate tensile stresses such as those that occur during rifting?

Accepted Answer

A)  reverse 
B)  thrust 
C)  strike-slip 
D)  normal 
A)  reverse 
B)  thrust 
C)  strike-slip 
D)  normal

Question 7

What are the three components of deformation? Briefly explain each.

Accepted Answer

The three components of deformation are

Question 8

What types of geologic structures would you expect to find in an area that had undergone compression?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary.However,stud

Question 9

A mineral-filled crack in a rock is termed a _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  fault 
B)  fold 
C)  joint 
D)  vein 
A)  fault 
B)  fold 
C)  joint 
D)  vein

Question 10

In the image below,the rocks have been bent into an elongate arch.This is an example of a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  anticline 
B)  basin 
C)  dome 
D)  syncline 
A)  anticline 
B)  basin 
C)  dome 
D)  syncline

Question 11

Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  exotic terranes 
B)  accreted terranes 
C)  cratons 
D)  cratonic platforms 
A)  exotic terranes 
B)  accreted terranes 
C)  cratons 
D)  cratonic platforms

Question 12

What can be said about the rates of uplift and erosion in a mountain that is gaining elevation? In a mountain decreasing in elevation? What is the ultimate fate of all mountains on the Earth?

Accepted Answer

If a mountain is increasing in elevation

Question 13

What is the term for a fold in which layers show thickened hinges and thinned limbs,indicating plastic deformation during folding?

Accepted Answer

A)  plunging fold 
B)  passive flow fold 
C)  foliation 
D)  flexural slip fold 
A)  plunging fold 
B)  passive flow fold 
C)  foliation 
D)  flexural slip fold

Question 14

If you stand on one side of a strike-slip fault and the block on the other side of the fault has moved to your left,this is known as a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  oblique fault 
B)  dip-slip fault 
C)  right lateral fault 
D)  left lateral fault 
A)  oblique fault 
B)  dip-slip fault 
C)  right lateral fault 
D)  left lateral fault

Question 15

What is the difference between a dip-slip fault and a strike-slip fault? Describe each and give specific examples (use sketches if that helps).

Accepted Answer

Dip-slip faults involve vertical displac

Question 16

On a geologic map,cratonic basins,where thick sequences of sedimentary rocks overly the Precambrian basement,show the _________ rocks toward the center of the basin.

Accepted Answer

A)  oldest 
B)  youngest 
C)  thinnest 
D)  most deformed 
A)  oldest 
B)  youngest 
C)  thinnest 
D)  most deformed

Question 17

Regularly spaced joints in an outcrop may indicate that an area ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is under intense shear stress 
B)  has experienced tension 
C)  is underlain by a thrust fault 
D)  is underlain by a magma body 
A)  is under intense shear stress 
B)  has experienced tension 
C)  is underlain by a thrust fault 
D)  is underlain by a magma body

Question 18

Which of these properly illustrates the principle of isostasy?

Accepted Answer

A)  High-density crust floats on top of low-density mantle. 
B)  Mountains stand high because they are gravitationally balanced by their deep crustal roots. 
C)  When weight is added to the crust,the crust responds by rebounding upward. 
D)  When material is removed from the crust,the crust maintains the new,lower elevation. 
A)  High-density crust floats on top of low-density mantle. 
B)  Mountains stand high because they are gravitationally balanced by their deep crustal roots. 
C)  When weight is added to the crust,the crust responds by rebounding upward. 
D)  When material is removed from the crust,the crust maintains the new,lower elevation.

Question 19

Draw a cross section of a normal and reverse fault.For each,list the stress involved and change in the length of the crust,if any.

Accepted Answer

@#IMG-DLM& Normal faults form in respons

Question 20

Why are earthquakes on continents most likely to occur above the brittle-plastic transition depth?

Accepted Answer

A)  Below this transition,the rocks respond to stress by cracking and breaking 
B)  Below the transition,the rocks respond to stress by changing shape without breaking 
C)  Below the transition,the rocks are molten. 
D)  Below the transition,there are not stresses that could cause earthquakes. 
A)  Below this transition,the rocks respond to stress by cracking and breaking 
B)  Below the transition,the rocks respond to stress by changing shape without breaking 
C)  Below the transition,the rocks are molten. 
D)  Below the transition,there are not stresses that could cause earthquakes.

Exam 9: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?

What is the primary reason why mountains substantially taller than Mt.Everest are unlikely to arise on the Earth?

How is stress different from strain?

On a geologic map,if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull's-eye pattern of concentric circles,with the oldest unit in the center,the underlying structure is a(n)________.

Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed,in part,by ___________ in the crust.

Which type of a fault is the result of deformation to accommodate tensile stresses such as those that occur during rifting?

What are the three components of deformation? Briefly explain each.

What types of geologic structures would you expect to find in an area that had undergone compression?

A mineral-filled crack in a rock is termed a _______.

In the image below,the rocks have been bent into an elongate arch.This is an example of a(n)________.

Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed ________.

What can be said about the rates of uplift and erosion in a mountain that is gaining elevation? In a mountain decreasing in elevation? What is the ultimate fate of all mountains on the Earth?

What is the term for a fold in which layers show thickened hinges and thinned limbs,indicating plastic deformation during folding?

If you stand on one side of a strike-slip fault and the block on the other side of the fault has moved to your left,this is known as a(n)________.

What is the difference between a dip-slip fault and a strike-slip fault? Describe each and give specific examples (use sketches if that helps).

On a geologic map,cratonic basins,where thick sequences of sedimentary rocks overly the Precambrian basement,show the _________ rocks toward the center of the basin.

Regularly spaced joints in an outcrop may indicate that an area ________.

Which of these properly illustrates the principle of isostasy?

Draw a cross section of a normal and reverse fault.For each,list the stress involved and change in the length of the crust,if any.

Why are earthquakes on continents most likely to occur above the brittle-plastic transition depth?

The Earth in Context

The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics

Patterns in Nature: Minerals

Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks

The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions

Pages of the Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphism: a Process of Change

A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes

Deep Time: How Old Is Old

A Biography of the Earth

Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources

Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements

Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water

Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts

A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater

Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts

Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages

Global Change in the Earth System

Introducing Rocks

A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils

The Rock Cycle

The Earth’s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics

Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution

Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle

Prelude: And Just What is Geology?

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