Question 1

Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of

Accepted Answer

A) induction 
B) deduction 
C) falsification 
D) parsimony 
A) induction 
B) deduction 
C) falsification 
D) parsimony

Question 2

Some dogs can open gates with their noses. To explain this phenomenon by attributing logic and problem solving abilities to the dog is to

Accepted Answer

A) give a parsimonious explanation 
B) falsify a simpler explanation 
C) be guilty of a confirmation bias 
D) give an explanation that is not very parsimonious 
A) give a parsimonious explanation 
B) falsify a simpler explanation 
C) be guilty of a confirmation bias 
D) give an explanation that is not very parsimonious

Question 3

Theories

Accepted Answer

A) are not highly regarded until proven true 
B) lead to hypotheses through the process of induction 
C) provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically 
D) are ideal if they can explain all possible outcomes 
A) are not highly regarded until proven true 
B) lead to hypotheses through the process of induction 
C) provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically 
D) are ideal if they can explain all possible outcomes

Question 4

Theories that can explain all outcomes after the fact

Accepted Answer

A) do not allow for predictions to be made 
B) have been falsified 
C) are said to be highly parsimonious 
D) illustrate the results of converging operations 
A) do not allow for predictions to be made 
B) have been falsified 
C) are said to be highly parsimonious 
D) illustrate the results of converging operations

Question 5

The creation of the maze apparatus

Accepted Answer

A) a) required the presence of scientists (Small and Kline)with "prepared" minds (i.e., they knew about rat behavior) 
B) was not creative because it merely copied the human version 
C) is an example of following authority (i.e., lab director Sanford imposed his will) 
D) resulted from a desire to produce a laboratory situation unrelated to the rat's everyday experience (that way, learning could be studied in its purest form) 
A) a) required the presence of scientists (Small and Kline)with "prepared" minds (i.e., they knew about rat behavior) 
B) was not creative because it merely copied the human version 
C) is an example of following authority (i.e., lab director Sanford imposed his will) 
D) resulted from a desire to produce a laboratory situation unrelated to the rat's everyday experience (that way, learning could be studied in its purest form)

Question 6

To reason deductively is to

Accepted Answer

A) reason from the specific event to the general principle 
B) reason from the general principle to the specific event 
C) prove the hypothesis true 
D) to disprove the hypothesis 
A) reason from the specific event to the general principle 
B) reason from the general principle to the specific event 
C) prove the hypothesis true 
D) to disprove the hypothesis

Question 7

Broadbent's (1958)study on selective attention is to Strayer and Johnston's (2001)study on cell phone use while driving as _______ is to _________.

Accepted Answer

A) field research; laboratory research 
B) mundane realism; experimental realism 
C) applied research; basic research 
D) basic research; applied research 
A) field research; laboratory research 
B) mundane realism; experimental realism 
C) applied research; basic research 
D) basic research; applied research

Question 8

What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner's extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel's feature detectors?

Accepted Answer

A) both examples of research ideas resulting from everyday observations 
B) both examples of research deduced logically from theory 
C) both examples of a serendipitous finding 
D) both examples of failures to replicate 
A) both examples of research ideas resulting from everyday observations 
B) both examples of research deduced logically from theory 
C) both examples of a serendipitous finding 
D) both examples of failures to replicate

Question 9

Compared to field research, what is the advantage of laboratory research?

Accepted Answer

A) informed consent is easier 
B) it allows experimental realism to occur 
C) there is a greater degree of mundane realism 
D) only lab research yields data that can be analyzed adequately (statistically) 
A) informed consent is easier 
B) it allows experimental realism to occur 
C) there is a greater degree of mundane realism 
D) only lab research yields data that can be analyzed adequately (statistically)

Question 10

According to Karl Popper, science proceeds by

Accepted Answer

A) creating theories and trying to falsify them 
B) searching for the ideal (i.e., cannot be falsified)theory 
C) accumulating data in the absence of formal theories 
D) achieving the proof of a theory after sufficient inductive support has accumulated 
A) creating theories and trying to falsify them 
B) searching for the ideal (i.e., cannot be falsified)theory 
C) accumulating data in the absence of formal theories 
D) achieving the proof of a theory after sufficient inductive support has accumulated

Question 11

Roediger and Karpicke (2006)conducted two experiments on the effects of different study strategies on remembering scientific texts. Their second experiment is considered a ________, because it used similar procedures as the first experiment, but altered other features of the first experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) questionable research practice 
B) direct replication 
C) parsimonious theory 
D) conceptual replication 
A) questionable research practice 
B) direct replication 
C) parsimonious theory 
D) conceptual replication

Question 12

Upon completion of a study, a research team may discuss predictions about the outcomes from a future revision of the study. This is best known as a form of

Accepted Answer

A) creative thinking in science 
B) serendipitous thinking 
C) falsification 
D) "what's next?" thinking 
A) creative thinking in science 
B) serendipitous thinking 
C) falsification 
D) "what's next?" thinking

Question 13

Compared to laboratory research, which of the following is true about field research?

Accepted Answer

A) it allows for a greater degree of control over variables 
B) it may be higher in mundane realism 
C) both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage 
D) it will be higher in experimental realism 
A) it allows for a greater degree of control over variables 
B) it may be higher in mundane realism 
C) both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage 
D) it will be higher in experimental realism

Question 14

A prediction is made from a theory and the results are just as predicted. What can be concluded about the theory?

Accepted Answer

A) it has been proven true 
B) it has been inductively supported 
C) it has been turned into a fact 
D) it has been disproven 
A) it has been proven true 
B) it has been inductively supported 
C) it has been turned into a fact 
D) it has been disproven

Question 15

On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover that exact outcome. What is the proper conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive dissonance theory has been proven 
B) cognitive dissonance theory has been disproven 
C) cognitive dissonance theory has not been supported 
D) cognitive dissonance theory has been supported 
A) cognitive dissonance theory has been proven 
B) cognitive dissonance theory has been disproven 
C) cognitive dissonance theory has not been supported 
D) cognitive dissonance theory has been supported

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the case of Clever Hans?

Accepted Answer

A) it was shown to be a case of scientific fraud 
B) Pfungst demonstrated that the most parsimonious explanation was that the horse had a higher level of intelligence than other horses 
C) Pfungst ruled out intelligence by showing that if the questioner didn't know the answer, thehorse didn't know the answer 
D) he only answered correctly when his trainer (von Osten)knew the answer 
A) it was shown to be a case of scientific fraud 
B) Pfungst demonstrated that the most parsimonious explanation was that the horse had a higher level of intelligence than other horses 
C) Pfungst ruled out intelligence by showing that if the questioner didn't know the answer, thehorse didn't know the answer 
D) he only answered correctly when his trainer (von Osten)knew the answer

Question 17

A theory that has the minimum of constructs and assumptions, yet adequately summarizes and organizes information, is said to be a(n)________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A) parsimonious 
B) operationalized 
C) falsified 
D) simplistic 
A) parsimonious 
B) operationalized 
C) falsified 
D) simplistic

Question 18

Which of the following is the least accurate description of most research in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) the outcome of one study is usually a question that leads to the next study 
B) research is more likely to be the product of a research team than of an individual investigator working alone 
C) the majority of research ideas come from a logical deduction from an established theory 
D) researchers don't complete projects in topic A, then move to B; they develop programs of research on topic A 
A) the outcome of one study is usually a question that leads to the next study 
B) research is more likely to be the product of a research team than of an individual investigator working alone 
C) the majority of research ideas come from a logical deduction from an established theory 
D) researchers don't complete projects in topic A, then move to B; they develop programs of research on topic A

Question 19

The studies by Cherry and by Broadbent, using dichotic listening, are examples of

Accepted Answer

A) basic research on attention 
B) applied research on the factors that enhance the focusing of attention 
C) research high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism 
D) basic research on car driving 
A) basic research on attention 
B) applied research on the factors that enhance the focusing of attention 
C) research high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism 
D) basic research on car driving

Question 20

Operational definitions

Accepted Answer

A) are seldom needed because of modern advances in behavioral technology 
B) are needed to force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition of a construct 
C) force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies 
D) differ from one study to another, which means that using operational definitions hinders the replication process 
A) are seldom needed because of modern advances in behavioral technology 
B) are needed to force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition of a construct 
C) force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies 
D) differ from one study to another, which means that using operational definitions hinders the replication process

Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of

Some dogs can open gates with their noses. To explain this phenomenon by attributing logic and problem solving abilities to the dog is to

Theories

Theories that can explain all outcomes after the fact

The creation of the maze apparatus

To reason deductively is to

Broadbent's (1958)study on selective attention is to Strayer and Johnston's (2001)study on cell phone use while driving as _ is to ___.

What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner's extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel's feature detectors?

Compared to field research, what is the advantage of laboratory research?

According to Karl Popper, science proceeds by

Roediger and Karpicke (2006)conducted two experiments on the effects of different study strategies on remembering scientific texts. Their second experiment is considered a ________, because it used similar procedures as the first experiment, but altered other features of the first experiment.

Upon completion of a study, a research team may discuss predictions about the outcomes from a future revision of the study. This is best known as a form of

Compared to laboratory research, which of the following is true about field research?

A prediction is made from a theory and the results are just as predicted. What can be concluded about the theory?

On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover that exact outcome. What is the proper conclusion?

Which of the following is true about the case of Clever Hans?

A theory that has the minimum of constructs and assumptions, yet adequately summarizes and organizes information, is said to be a(n)________ theory.

Which of the following is the least accurate description of most research in psychology?

The studies by Cherry and by Broadbent, using dichotic listening, are examples of

Operational definitions

Scientific Thinking in Psychology

Ethics in Psychological Research

Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis Testing

Introduction to Experimental Research

Methodological Control in Experimental Research

Experimental Design I: Single-Factor Designs

Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs

Non-Experimental Design I: Survey Methods

Non-Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival Methods

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Applied Research

Small N Designs

Filters

Exam 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology

Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of

Some dogs can open gates with their noses. To explain this phenomenon by attributing logic and problem solving abilities to the dog is to

Theories

Theories that can explain all outcomes after the fact

The creation of the maze apparatus

To reason deductively is to

Broadbent's (1958)study on selective attention is to Strayer and Johnston's (2001)study on cell phone use while driving as _______ is to _________.

What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner's extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel's feature detectors?

Compared to field research, what is the advantage of laboratory research?

According to Karl Popper, science proceeds by

Roediger and Karpicke (2006)conducted two experiments on the effects of different study strategies on remembering scientific texts. Their second experiment is considered a ________, because it used similar procedures as the first experiment, but altered other features of the first experiment.

Upon completion of a study, a research team may discuss predictions about the outcomes from a future revision of the study. This is best known as a form of

Compared to laboratory research, which of the following is true about field research?

A prediction is made from a theory and the results are just as predicted. What can be concluded about the theory?

On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover that exact outcome. What is the proper conclusion?

Which of the following is true about the case of Clever Hans?

A theory that has the minimum of constructs and assumptions, yet adequately summarizes and organizes information, is said to be a(n)________ theory.

Which of the following is the least accurate description of most research in psychology?

The studies by Cherry and by Broadbent, using dichotic listening, are examples of

Operational definitions

Scientific Thinking in Psychology

Ethics in Psychological Research

Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis Testing

Introduction to Experimental Research

Methodological Control in Experimental Research

Experimental Design I: Single-Factor Designs

Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs

Non-Experimental Design I: Survey Methods

Non-Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival Methods

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Applied Research

Small N Designs

Filters

Broadbent's (1958)study on selective attention is to Strayer and Johnston's (2001)study on cell phone use while driving as _ is to ___.