Exam 24: The Origin of Species

The next few questions refer to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros,mosquitofish populations live in various,now-isolated,freshwater ponds that were once united.Currently,some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short,fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time.When placed together in the same body of water,the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. -What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish,one of which lives in a predator-rich pond,and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond?

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)and gray wolves (Canis lupus)can interbreed to produce viable,fertile offspring.These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time)and have a high degree of genetic similarity,although their anatomies vary widely.Judging from this evidence,which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species?

What is the best explanation for the speciation event that produced the wild sunflower Helianthus anomalis?

The next few questions refer to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros,mosquitofish populations live in various,now-isolated,freshwater ponds that were once united.Currently,some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short,fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time.When placed together in the same body of water,the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. -Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1)improved gene flow 2)bottleneck effect 3)sexual selection 4)founder effect 5)natural selection

Use the following information to answer the question(s)below. Two populations of birds with somewhat different colouration live on opposite sides of an island.The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds.When birds from the two populations are brought together,they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents.These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population,and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. -Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall.They spend the winter in these warmer areas,where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season.Two hypothetical species of sparrow,A and B,overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica.In spring,species A goes to the east coast of North America,and species B goes to the west coast.What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?

The next few questions refer to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros,mosquitofish populations live in various,now-isolated,freshwater ponds that were once united.Currently,some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short,fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time.When placed together in the same body of water,the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. -Which type of reproductive isolation operates to keep the mosquitofish isolated,even when fish from different ponds are reunited in the same body of water?

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species.Recently,these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species,the yellow-rumped warbler.Which of the following pieces of evidence,if true,would be cause for this reclassification?

The next few questions refer to the following evolutionary tree,whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right)and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. -Which species is most closely related to species W?

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum)and one-seeded juniper (J.monosperma)have overlapping ranges.If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells)from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells)of the other species,then which of these terms is applicable?

According to the punctuated equilibria model

Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation?

What is true of macroevolution?

The next few questions refer to the following evolutionary tree,whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right)and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. -Which of these five species originated earliest and appeared suddenly in the fossil record?

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium

Two researchers experimentally formed tetraploid frogs by fertilizing diploid eggs from Rana porosa brevipoda with diploid sperm from Rana nigromaculata.When they mated these tetraploid frogs with each other,most of the offspring that survived to maturity were tetraploid,with chromosome sets of both diploid parent species.Based on these results,if this type of tetraploid formed in the wild,what would be the result? (Y.Kondo and A.Kashiwagi.2004.Experimentally induced autotetraploidy and allotetraploidy in two Japanese pond frogs.Journal of Herpetology 38(3):381-92.)

There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own.Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.Which species concept is most applicable in this example?

Speciation

When studying hybridization over time,researchers have found that

The most likely explanation for the recent decline in cichlid species diversity in Lake Victoria is

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?