Exam 3: Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Theories

The principle of '____________' means that convicted offenders deserve punishment that is proportionate to the seriousness of the harm they caused.

The first 'house of correction,' London's ____________, was established in 1556 and was designed to train the poor to work through discipline.

Why did Cesare Beccaria not believe that the best way to reduce crime was to increase laws or increase the severity of punishment?

Cesare Beccaria believed that government was not the automatic right of the rich. Rather, it was created through a _____________ in which free, rational individuals sacrificed part of their freedom to the state to maintain peace and security on behalf of the common good.

According to ____________ theory, crime is the outcome of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities.

The term specific deterrence means using the punishment of one individual to discourage others from committing crime.

Classical theory did not strive to explain why people commit crime. Rather, it was a strategy for administering justice according to rational principles.

Jeremy Bentham offered the notion of the hedonistic, or felicity, calculus as an explanation for people's actions. This calculus states that people act to increase positive results through their pursuit of pleasure and to reduce negative outcomes through the avoidance of pain.

During the Classical era, the '___________ poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

The principle of just deserts means that convicted offenders deserve punishment that is proportionate to the seriousness of the harm they caused.