Exam 1: Early History of Punishment and the Development of Prisons in the United States

What are sanctuaries and what role did they play during ancient times?

In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were drug offenders.

Explain how federal and state prisoners differ.

According to the textbook, define corrections.

Indentured servants in the American colonies included only slaves as a form of punishment.

Roughly 14% of federal inmates are classified as being either a low- or minimum-security risk.

Which early prison system kept inmates in solitary confinement during the evening but permitted inmates to work together during the day?

Francois Voltaire was the founder of the classical school of criminology.

Which justice system is unique due to the civil nature of the proceedings?

What factors led to the Auburn system of prison operation initially having economic success?

During the 1600s and 1700s, ______ was another useful punishment and could mean simple exile from the country or exile to and/or enslavement in a penal colony.

In what year did the Eastern State Penitentiary open in Pennsylvania?

The most widely used form of corporal punishment was whipping, which dates back to the Romans, the Greeks, and even the Egyptians as a sanction for both judicial and educational discipline.

Name four different types of punishment in colonial America.

At the heart of the medical model was the ______ process; everything in the medical model that followed hinged on the accuracy and effectiveness of this process.

The reintegration model was officially implemented in 1969 when the U.S. Congress authorized the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to open correctional institutions that would use standardized processes of classification and treatment regimens within their programming.

A banishment chair was a form of punishment that used a chair suspended over a body of water to torture inmates.

Under which early code were punishments severe and tended to be terminal, with imprisonment simply being a means of holding the accused until those in power had decided the offender's fate?

Prior to the Civil War, ______ Codes required White inmates to be separated from slaves. Frequently, slaves were given harsher punishments for crimes.

What type of labor arrangement was primarily used by counties and states to build roads and levees and to maintain county roads and state highways in the South?