Exam 8: Kinship and Descent: Are These the Ties That Bind

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Kinship functions differently in societies with unilineal descent and those with nonunilineal (bilateral) descent. In societies with unilineal descent, such as patrilineal or matrilineal societies, kinship is traced through one line of descent, either the father's or mother's side. This creates a clear and structured system of kinship, with specific roles and responsibilities assigned to individuals based on their lineage. In these societies, kinship is often used to determine inheritance, property rights, and social status.

On the other hand, in societies with nonunilineal (bilateral) descent, kinship is traced through both the mother's and father's side. This creates a more complex and flexible system of kinship, where individuals have kinship ties and obligations to both sides of their family. In these societies, kinship is often used to create networks of support and cooperation, rather than to determine strict roles and responsibilities.

Overall, the functions of kinship in societies with unilineal descent tend to be more rigid and hierarchical, with clear rules and expectations based on lineage. In contrast, the functions of kinship in societies with nonunilineal descent tend to be more fluid and inclusive, with a focus on building relationships and alliances across both sides of the family.

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In the ethnography "Nuer Kinship" by E.E. Evans-Pritchard, the functions of kinship are central to the social organization and daily life of the Nuer people of Sudan. Kinship serves several important functions in Nuer society, including providing a framework for social organization, regulating marriage and inheritance, and establishing systems of support and cooperation.

Firstly, kinship provides a framework for social organization among the Nuer. The Nuer people are organized into patrilineal clans, with each clan tracing their descent through the male line. This kinship structure helps to establish social order and hierarchy within Nuer society, as well as providing a sense of identity and belonging for individuals.

Secondly, kinship regulates marriage and inheritance among the Nuer. Marriage within the same clan is prohibited, and there are specific rules and rituals governing marriage arrangements between different clans. Kinship also determines inheritance patterns, with property and livestock passing from father to son within the patrilineal lineage. These kinship rules help to maintain social cohesion and prevent conflict within Nuer communities.

Finally, kinship establishes systems of support and cooperation within Nuer society. Extended family networks provide a safety net for individuals, offering support in times of need and assistance with labor and resources. Kinship ties also facilitate cooperation between different clans, as individuals can call on their kinship connections to negotiate alliances and resolve disputes.

In conclusion, the functions of kinship among the Nuer people are integral to the social organization, marriage and inheritance practices, and systems of support and cooperation within their society. The ethnography "Nuer Kinship" provides a detailed insight into the importance of kinship in shaping the lives and relationships of the Nuer people.