Question 1

Prosocial behaviors are actions that are

Accepted Answer

A)  harmful to others. 
B)  classically conditioned. 
C)  helpful to others. 
D)  overimitated. 
A)  harmful to others. 
B)  classically conditioned. 
C)  helpful to others. 
D)  overimitated.

Question 2

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning.This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  biological predispositions 
B)  latent learning 
C)  intrinsic motivation 
D)  cognitive processes 
A)  biological predispositions 
B)  latent learning 
C)  intrinsic motivation 
D)  cognitive processes

Question 3

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Accepted Answer

A)  ignore both what the model says and does. 
B)  ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says. 
C)  ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does. 
D)  talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does. 
A)  ignore both what the model says and does. 
B)  ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says. 
C)  ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does. 
D)  talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.

Question 4

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

Accepted Answer

A)  Pokémon characters. 
B)  a Pacman video game. 
C)  wooden coins. 
D)  a Bobo doll. 
A)  Pokémon characters. 
B)  a Pacman video game. 
C)  wooden coins. 
D)  a Bobo doll.

Question 5

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  predictability 
B)  generalization 
C)  biological predispositions 
D)  mirror neurons 
A)  predictability 
B)  generalization 
C)  biological predispositions 
D)  mirror neurons

Question 6

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises.Consequently,she no longer puts much effort into her job,even though she really wants a big raise.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation 
B)  biological predispositions 
C)  latent learning 
D)  cognitive processes 
A)  intrinsic motivation 
B)  biological predispositions 
C)  latent learning 
D)  cognitive processes

Question 7

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval schedules. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  cognitive maps. 
A)  fixed-interval schedules. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 8

The process of modeling is most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 9

Copying an adult,young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to push on the knob.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  prosocial behavior. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  prosocial behavior. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 10

Biological constraints are ________ biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  classically conditioned 
B)  extrinsically motivated 
C)  prosocial 
D)  evolved 
A)  classically conditioned 
B)  extrinsically motivated 
C)  prosocial 
D)  evolved

Question 11

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits

Accepted Answer

A)  justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. 
B)  unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. 
C)  justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. 
D)  unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. 
A)  justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. 
B)  unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. 
C)  justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. 
D)  unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.

Question 12

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motives. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  extrinsic motives. 
D)  mirror neurons. 
A)  intrinsic motives. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  extrinsic motives. 
D)  mirror neurons.

Question 13

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neurons 
B)  latent learning 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  biological predispositions 
A)  mirror neurons 
B)  latent learning 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  biological predispositions

Question 14

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions,culturally learned preferences,and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov's experiments. 
B)  Watson's behaviorism. 
C)  a biopsychosocial approach. 
D)  instinctive drift. 
A)  Pavlov's experiments. 
B)  Watson's behaviorism. 
C)  a biopsychosocial approach. 
D)  instinctive drift.

Question 15

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank,the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  taste aversion 
B)  latent learning 
C)  intrinsic motivation 
D)  biological predispositions 
A)  taste aversion 
B)  latent learning 
C)  intrinsic motivation 
D)  biological predispositions

Question 16

The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  cognitive maps. 
A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 17

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

Accepted Answer

A)  Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. 
B)  Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. 
C)  Rescorla's findings about the effects of expectations on an animal's conditioned response. 
D)  Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. 
A)  Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. 
B)  Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. 
C)  Rescorla's findings about the effects of expectations on an animal's conditioned response. 
D)  Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children.

Question 18

Although Josh learned aggressive behaviors by watching a violent movie,he did not imitate those behaviors until days later when he was offered money to do so.Josh's behavior best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  intrinsic motivation. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 19

Acquiring new responses by watching the behaviors of a teacher is called

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  latent learning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 20

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so.This illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  immediate reinforcement. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  prosocial behavior. 
A)  latent learning. 
B)  immediate reinforcement. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  prosocial behavior.

Exam 22: Operant Conditioning

Prosocial behaviors are actions that are

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning.This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises.Consequently,she no longer puts much effort into her job,even though she really wants a big raise.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

The process of modeling is most closely associated with

Copying an adult,young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to push on the knob.This best illustrates

Biological constraints are ________ biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning.

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions,culturally learned preferences,and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank,the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

Although Josh learned aggressive behaviors by watching a violent movie,he did not imitate those behaviors until days later when he was offered money to do so.Josh's behavior best illustrates the importance of

Acquiring new responses by watching the behaviors of a teacher is called

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so.This illustrates the importance of

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Classical Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

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