Deck 9: Memory,attention,emotion,and Executive Functioning

Question 1

____________________ memory is learned and demonstrated via performance.

Answer 1

Procedural

Question 2

Episodic memory is primarily ____________________ in nature.

Answer 2

autobiographical

Question 3

"Pseudopsychopathic" or "acquired sociopathy" is associated with damage to the ____________________ circuit.

Answer 3

orbitofrontal

Question 4

Posner has found that the ____________________ lobe mediates conscious attention to spatial targets.

Question 5

The cerebellum has been implicated in ____________________ learning.

Question 6

LeDoux maintains that the cortex is not necessary to condition fear,but the ____________________ is crucial.

Question 7

Anderson (2002)proposes four executive function domains,which include attention control,information processing,cognitive flexibility,and ____________________.

Question 8

Degeneration of the ____________________ and mammillary bodies occurs in Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 9

____________________ memory is fleeting but its capacity is unlimited as to what is can take in.

Question 10

____________________ refers to the spatial engagement of attention to a target without moving the eyes or the head.

Question 11

Executive functions such as working memory,cognitive flexibility,and planning and organization are supported by the ____________________ circuit.

Question 12

The ____________________ is a major brain structure implicated in memory functioning due to its role as a major source of cholinergic output to cortex.

Question 13

____________________,or an inability to sustain attention to an activity,is frequently seen across a number of more generalized neuropsychological disorders.

Question 14

The loop known as the ____________________ is known to have more to do with consolidating memory than primary emotional processing.

Question 15

____________________ forms the basis of our experience and our perception of ourselves.

Question 16

"Artificial grammar" is believed to be support by the brain's ____________________.

Question 17

____________________ refers to a general level of alertness or arousal.

Question 18

The three primary brain structures involved in consolidating information into long-term memory are the medial temporal lobes,diencephalons,and ____________________.

Question 19

Lesions of neural structures and circuitry supporting spatial attention can result in ____________________.

Question 20

Working memory is comprised of the ____________________,phonological loop,and the visual-spatial sketchpad.

Question 21

Executive function refers to a number of higher-order behaviors.

Question 22

Episodic memory refers to memory for information and facts with specific temporal lags.

Question 23

The ____________________ cortex is implicated in emotional decision making.

Question 24

The function of declarative memory is to process information in such a way as to tag it or consolidate it for storage in the brain.

Question 25

The phonological loop of working memory is responsible for supervising and coordinating working memory.

Question 26

The ____________________ theory of emotions argues that conscious emotional experience can be divorced from bodily sensation or expression.

Question 27

Structures that support declarative memory are probably evolutionarily and ontologically older and more primitive.

Question 28

H.M.'s abilities on a pursuit rotor learning task is an excellent example of implicit memory.

Question 29

The understanding of amnesia has benefited greatly from the types of memory deficits reminiscent of a psychiatric fugue state-like amnesia.

Question 30

Those who live on a noisy street demonstrate habituation when they have grown accustomed to the sound and only notice when it is gone.

Question 31

____________________ refers to a syndrome involving profound apathy,reduced or absent verbal or motor behavior,a sense of emptiness,and indifference to pain,hunger,or thirst.

Question 32

The ____________________ theory of emotional processing postulates that emotions are consciously experienced as a reaction to physical sensory experience.

Question 33

Executive functions do not emerge until adulthood.

Question 34

The ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus is most often implicated in memory disorders.

Question 35

Automatic processing requires the highest degree of conscious intention.

Question 36

Overt disorientation refers to a spatial engagement of attention to a target area before the eyes are directed to move.

Question 37

Memory is a fragile system.

Question 38

Primary emotions refer to automatic states arising from the ____________________ system.

Question 39

Declarative memory is explicit and accessible to conscious awareness.

Question 40

Short-term memory is said to have a capacity of 92.

Question 41

Semantic memory refers to memory for:

A)autobiographical information.
B)procedural information.
C)factual information.
D)spatial information.

Question 42

The limbic system and other subcortical structures control the spontaneous smile.

Question 43

Focused attention refers to the ability to see:

A)overall themes.
B)details.
C)points in the distance only.
D)global aspects of the environment.

Question 44

Goldman-Rakic's line of investigation into working memory implicates the ____ in primate working memory.

A)orbitomedial prefrontal cortex
B)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C)hippocampal regions
D)entorhinal cortex

Question 45

The role of the frontal cortex in attention relates to aspects of attentional:

A)planning.
B)shifting.
C)sustaining.
D)all of these

Question 46

____ memory is to direct recall or recognition as ____ memory is to priming and skill demonstration.

A)Implicit; explicit
B)Procedural; explicit
C)Explicit; declarative
D)Explicit; implicit

Question 47

The neurotransmitter posed to support the Posner's vigilance attention system is serotonin.

Question 48

Somatic markers refer to cognitive signals that support choices or decision making.

Question 49

Emotional processing is subject to individual cultural and gender differences.

Question 50

It is hypothesized that the amygdala enhances the consolidating processes of the hippocampus.

Question 51

Long-term memory is of ____ capacity.

A)fleeting
B)limited
C)unlimited
D)72

Question 52

The episodic buffer is posed to be temporary storage system that holds and integrates information from different sensory modalities.

Question 53

Anterograde amnesia is the loss of the ability to encode and learn information ____ a defined neurological trauma.

A)following
B)prior to
C)during
D)about

Question 54

The three major constellations of brain structures implicated in declarative memory include all of the following except:

A)the hippocampus.
B)the thalamus and hypothalamus.
C)the basal forebrain.
D)the basal ganglia.

Question 55

Executive and frontal functions are synonymous.

Question 56

The temporal organization of behavior is supported primarily by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Question 57

Primary emotions include pride and anxiety.

Question 58

The thalamus is thought to be involved in temporal binding because of function as a sensory relay station of the brain and its synchronized cortical processes.

Question 59

The ____ has been implicated in arousal and attention.

A)cortical activating system
B)primary visual system
C)reticular activating system
D)none of these

Question 60

The basal forebrain structures implicated in memory include all of the following except:

A)the nucleus accumbens.
B)the nucleus basalis of Meynert.
C)the medial septal nucleus.
D)the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca.

Question 61

The case of Phineas Gage provided an excellent understanding of the role of the ____ in behavior.

A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)limbic system
C)orbital prefrontal cortex
D)occipital lobe

Question 62

Regarding Fuster's theory of prefrontal functioning,working memory is to retrospective memory as ____ is to prospective memory.

A)implicit memory
B)preparatory set
C)declarative memory
D)inhibitory set

Question 63

Joseph LeDoux's theory of emotional processing indicates that ____ is necessary for the labeling of emotions.

A)the cortex
B)the limbic system
C)an average to above-average verbal IQ
D)speech production

Question 64

Depression that is linked to damage of the dorsolateral cortex does not involve:

A)vegetative symptoms,negative cognitions,or dysphoria.
B)decreased initiative,apathy,or indifference.
C)social uneasiness.
D)psychomotor retardation.

Question 65

Disorders showing prominent attentional dysfunction include all of the following except:

A)Parkinson's disease.
B)mania.
C)seizure disorders.
D)apraxia.

Question 66

In the case of N.
A)an injury was sustained to the left dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus,which resulted in:

A)severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
B)severe anterograde amnesia.
C)severe retrograde amnesia.
D)complete loss of memory.

Question 67

Lesions of the temporoparietal junction or superior temporal lobe impair the ability to disengage and ____ attention.

A)encode
B)sustain
C)shift
D)engage

Question 68

Patients with amygdala damage are likely,if rating or evaluating events,to show a:

A)neutral bias.
B)negative bias.
C)positive bias.
D)mixed bias.

Question 69

Anterograde amnesia is:

A)the inability to learn new information following a neurological trauma.
B)the inability to recall information learned prior to a neurological trauma.
C)the inability to learn new information and recall information prior to a neurological trauma.
D)none of these

Question 70

The anterior cingulate is involved in processing when:

A)competing responses vie for release.
B)an error occurs in performance.
C)a presented task is difficult,novel,complex or ambiguous.
D)all of these

Question 71

The ability to rapidly learn or re-learn responses in the face changing reward contingencies is mediated by:

A)the dorsolateral cortex.
B)the orbitofrontal cortex.
C)the anterior cingulate.

Question 72

Short-term verbal memory relies on ____ encoding while long term verbal memory involves ____ encoding.

A)phonological; semantic
B)associative; declarative
C)semantic; phonological
D)declarative; non-declarative

Question 73

Posed facial expressions are to ____ as spontaneous expressions are to ____.

A)limbic regions; subcortical structures
B)cortical structures; cerebellum
C)motor cortex; limbic cortex
D)thalamus; hypothalamus

Question 74

The Tower of London-Drexel provides a measure of:

A)executive flexibility
B)executive planning
C)executive projection
D)executive fluency

Question 75

Retrograde amnesia is:

A)the inability to learn new information following a neurological trauma.
B)the inability to recall information learned prior to a neurological trauma.
C)the inability to learn new information and recall information prior to a neurological trauma.
D)none of these

Question 76

Following frontal damage,a patient automatically uses an object presented to him/her.This behavior is an example of a class of behavioral anomalies termed:

A)abulia syndrome.
B)organic syndrome.
C)environmental dependency syndrome.
D)impulse-driven syndrome.

Question 77

Divided attention refers to the ability to:

A)focus in on details of the environment.
B)see global aspects of the environment.
C)partial out attentional resources to the most important aspects of the environment.
D)simultaneously partial out attentional resources to more than one aspect of the environment.

Question 78

A child develops the ability to inhibit a response that is primed for release between ____ months.

A)1 to 3
B)4 to 5
C)6 to 7
D)8 to 12

Question 79

The development of object permanence indicates that ____ abilities are emerging.

A)abstract thinking
B)mental flexibility
C)autobiographical memory
D)working memory

Question 80

Which of the following has been implicated in the processing of emotions?

A)the amygdala
B)the ventromedial cortex
C)the insular cortex
D)all of these