Deck 4: Cells of Thought

Question 1

A large collection of axonal fibers that connect regions within one hemisphere are called commissural fibers.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Myelination is completed by birth in humans.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Neurotransmitters are stored within ____________________ in the presynaptic neuron.

Answer 3

Synaptic vesicles

Question 4

White matter is so-named because of the high lipid content of axonal myelin.

Question 5

The change in membrane polarity that occurs prior to an action potential is called ____________________.

Question 6

The suggestion that all neural function is reflected in behavior and all behaviors have an underlying neural correlate has been called the cell hypothesis.

Question 7

Terminal buttons are to dendrites as receiving is to shipping.

Question 8

____________________ is a disease in which cholinergic motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord degenerate,leading to paralysis and death.
or

Question 9

Purkinje cells are found in the cerebellar cortex.

Question 10

Neurons communicate with one another by the action of neurotransmitters working within the space between neurons called ____________________.

Question 11

The interaction of electrical and ____________________ processes is the basis of brain communication.

Question 12

The most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain are both amino acids.They are GABA and ____________________.

Question 13

The serotonin system originates in the part of the brainstem known as the ____________________.

Question 14

In the central nervous system the myelin sheath is formed by ____________________.

Question 15

The resting membrane potential of most neurons is approximately ____________________ millivolts.

Question 16

MS is most likely to be noticed when individuals are in their 70's or 80's.

Question 17

In the central nervous system clusters of gray cell bodies are called ____________________.

Question 18

Increased levels of the neurotransmitter ____________________ is associated with cortical arousal and wakefulness.

Question 19

The nervous system may be divided into the central nervous system and the ____________________ nervous system.

Question 20

Naturally produced peptides with opiate properties are called ____________________.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a function of neuroglia?

A)structural support
B)formation of myelin
C)information transmission
D)metabolic support

Question 22

Astrocytes make up part of the blood-brain barrier.

Question 23

The human central nervous system contains approximately:

A)100 billion neurons.
B)25 billion neurons.
C)1 billion neurons.
D)100 million neurons.

Question 24

The communication of neurons is dependent on the passage of ions through the cell membrane.The four primary types of ions involved in this process are:

A)sodium,potassium,magnesium,calcium.
B)sodium,hydrogen,chloride,potassium.
C)sodium,potassium,chloride,calcium.
D)calcium,chloride,magnesium,potassium.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a structural component of all neurons?

A)axon
B)cell body
C)mitochondria
D)myelin

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true regarding seizures?

A)Seizures are not caused by tumors.
B)Seizures may result in alterations in mood.
C)Seizures are the result of increased chemical activity in the brain.
D)all of these

Question 27

In the peripheral nervous system clusters of gray cell bodies are called nuclei.

Question 28

Norepinephrine originates within the locus ceruleus.

Question 29

The sodium-potassium pump is:

A)the active transport system whereby sodium is transported into a cell and potassium moves out through diffusion.
B)the process that maintains the homeostatic state of the membrane potential through passive diffusion.
C)the active transport system whereby potassium is moved into the cell and sodium is moved out.
D)the discrepancy in voltage between intracellular and extracellular space.

Question 30

Collateral sprouting is a process whereby:

A)new dendritic connections sprout from damaged neurons.
B)the neuron becomes more sensitive to the inputs from other neurons.
C)axonal regeneration produces functional recovery.
D)intact neurons make new connections to facilitate functional recovery.

Question 31

An interneuron has three axons which integrate neural activity within a specific brain region.

Question 32

Norepinephrine is the most prominent neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia.

Question 33

Collections of axons in the peripheral nervous system are referred to as:

A)neurons.
B)ganglia.
C)pathways.
D)gray matter.

Question 34

The most abundant cell type in the human central nervous system are:

A)neurons.
B)glia cells.
C)Astrocytes.
D)Purkinje cells.

Question 35

The primary role of acetylcholine in the nervous system is at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 36

The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis is primarily characterized by:

A)severe vascular damage to the brain and spinal cord.
B)widespread,focal destruction of myelin.
C)accumulations of myelin around cell bodies secondary to malfunctioning myelin-producing cells.
D)small neoplasms distributed throughout the nervous systems.

Question 37

Healing after a neurologic injury may be attributed to:

A)regeneration of neurons.
B)reduction of the swelling of brain tissue.
C)regeneration of neurons and reduction of the swelling of brain tissue.
D)brain surgery to replace dead brain cells.

Question 38

Which of the following would not be transferable across the blood-brain barrier?

A)oxygen
B)water
C)carbon dioxide
D)electrically charged molecules

Question 39

The gap between two neurons is called:

A)a node of Ranvier.
B)a synapse.
C)a neuronal break.
D)a critical juncture.

Question 40

Electroconvulsive therapy is thought to help patients suffering from severe depression because:

A)the electrical discharge stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex and this elevates mood.
B)the forced collective firing of large numbers of neurons synchronizes brain activity from an aberrant state.
C)all of these are reasons for ECT's effectiveness.
D)the precise reasons for ECT's effectiveness are unknown.

Question 41

What is myelin? What is its function within a neuron? Why is it such an important component of a neuron and the communication system within a neuron?

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true?

A)A neuron can fire following sub-threshold stimulation.
B)Neurons fire in an all-or-none fashion.
C)Neuronal firing can be halted at varying stages following depolarization.
D)Timing and sequence of neural impulses are random.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT true about myelin?

A)It is formed by Schwann cells in the PNS.
B)It continues forming after birth.
C)It increases speed of neuronal transmission.
D)The length of each segment is not relevant to speed of transmission.

Question 44

Reduced activity in the ____ could result in a(n)____ in symptoms of schizophrenia.

A)substantia nigra; decrease
B)substantia nigra; increase
C)cerebellum; decrease
D)cerebellum; increase

Question 45

"Grey matter" refers to:

A)a diseased area of the brain.
B)the whole brain.
C)the appearance of the subcortical axons.
D)cell bodies in the outer layer of the cortex.

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding neuronal communication?

A)A post-synaptic receptor is programmed to respond to only one specific neurotransmitter.
B)A pre-synaptic neuron can respond to only one neurotransmitter at a time.
C)If enough IPSPs occur at approximately the same time,they may combine to produce an action potential in that neuron.
D)If enough EPSPs occur at approximately the same time,they may combine to produce an action potential in that neuron.

Question 47

The fibers of the corticostriatal pathway are an example of ____ fibers.

A)projection
B)intracerebral
C)intercerebral
D)commissural

Question 48

In male songbirds:

A)neurons get larger,increasing the size of various brain structures during different mating rituals.
B)neurons are reassigned in order for mating rituals to be successfully completed.
C)neurons grow and die back according to the season.
D)no seasonal changes can be seen in brain structures.

Question 49

Association fibers that connect regions within one cerebral hemisphere are:

A)intercerebral.
B)projection.
C)intracerebral.
D)nerves.

Question 50

Researchers believe that dopamine has an important role in moving because:

A)one of dopamine pathways is to the basal ganglia,which is extremely important organizing motor behaviors.
B)overactivity of dopaminergic synapses in frontal lobe have been found among patients with dyskinesia.
C)dopamine is widely distributed throughout the brain and plays a role to produce movement and behavior at each part of motor muscles.
D)dopamine forms predominantly among neurons in a brain stem called "locus cerules",where majority of movements are controlled.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of the neurotransmitter and its site of production?

A)norepinephrine; locus ceruleus
B)dopamine; substantia nigra
C)serotonin; planum temporale
D)acetylcholine; striatum

Question 52

A motor neuron controls the initiation of movement in a hand.An interneuron responsible for inhibiting the hand movement synapses on the motor neuron.If the interneuron receives an excitatory post-synaptic potential,the interneuron will____ causing it to fire,resulting in ____ of the hand.

A)depolarize; movement
B)hyperpolarize; movement
C)hyperpolarize; no movement
D)depolarize; no movement

Question 53

____ are found in the CNS while ____ are found in the PNS.

A)Oligodendrocytes,Schwann cells
B)Schwann cells,oligodendrocytes
C)Gray matter ganglia,white matter nuclei
D)Oligodendrocytes,Purkinje cells

Question 54

Describe 2 situations in which neurons may modify their behavior.

Question 55

How would a neurobiologist working with songbirds probably answer this question: "Does the brain have the ability to develop new neurons?"

A)No,the brain has its full store of neurons at birth.
B)Yes,the brain constantly generates new neurons as old ones die off.
C)No,neurons increase dendritic branching and form new connections only,Not new neurons.
D)Yes,the brain is capable of generating new neurons in response to hormonal variation.

Question 56

Stem cells:

A)are mature neural tissue.
B)have been found in the cerebellum of rats.
C)can give rise to cells other then themselves.
D)can now be used to clone a human being.

Question 57

The ability to regain movement in a reattached finger is an example of:

A)the regenerative properties of neurons in the spinal cord.
B)an anomaly associated with genetic mutation.
C)the flexibility of the motor cortex.
D)the regenerative properties of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 58

Gray matter describes areas of the brain dense in ____,while white matter describes areas dense in ____.

A)dendrites; axons
B)axons; bipolar cells
C)cell bodies; axons
D)bipolar cells; dendrite

Question 59

Neurons have different physical characteristics from most other body cells.Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Damaged neurons in the central nervous system heal spontaneously.
B)Only the neuron has an axon and dendrites which are specialized to conduct information.
C)The neuron forms synapses with target cells.
D)Only the neuron has both electrical and chemical communication.

Question 60

If substance X is a cholinergic antagonist,which of the following might you expect?

A)blockage of muscarinic receptors
B)increase in cortical arousal
C)elicitation of REM sleep
D)improved memory functioning

Question 61

Identify a major neurotransmitter covered in Chapter 4 and explain its role in human behavior.With what clinical disorders or medical diseases is it associated?

Question 62

Name a major neurological disorder that impairs neuronal functioning.

Question 63

Describe the resting potential and the process of the action potential.

Question 64

Can neurons heal or regrow if they die or are damaged? What has recent research shown about this?

Question 65

What is meant by the phrase,"all-or-none fashion" with regard to neural firing and action potentials? What is the implication of this?

Question 66

Explain what a glial cell is and the types of glial cells that exist.Then explain what neuroscientists have traditionally believed about the function of the cell and what new research has revealed.

Question 67

What are common features of CNS neurons? Describe each feature,specifically,the role of each feature.