Deck 2: Methods of Investigating the Brain

Question 1

EMG is an electrical analysis of muscles,a useful diagnostic procedure to aid in the diagnosis of central nerve damage.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

To diagnose structural abnormalities in blood vessels or in their arrangement,a physician might request a(n)____________________.

Answer 2

angiography

Question 3

An EEG can record the neuronal activity of deeper subcortical structures just as well as that of cortical structures.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The ____________________ is often used in imaging studies to isolate characteristics of the brain that are relevant during a specific neuropsychological task.

Question 5

For an air encephalogram,gas fills the ____________________ before a standard X-ray of the brain is taken.

Question 6

The cerebral magnetic field used for a MEG induces a small current in magnetic detection coils which in turn excite special devices called SQUIDS.

Question 7

____________________ activity (8 to 12 Hz)is the predominant background activity in wakeful person.

Question 8

The ____________________ can diagnose a malfunction of the auditory nerve at the inferior colliculus.

Question 9

____________________ is used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders.

Question 10

____________________ is a medical technique to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)surrounding the spinal cord for diagnostic study.

Question 11

____________________ rhythms are the fastest and are often associated with peak performance states and hyper-arousal.

Question 12

Data from a CT scan can be viewed in any orientation (i.e.,sagittal,horizontal,or coronal).

Question 13

In contrast to the CT scan,the MRI scan passes an x-ray beam through the head and creates an index of tissue density.

Question 14

____________________ allows for the mapping of neuronal pathways using an axonal transport mechanisms.

Question 15

____________________ involves the measurement of changes in the magnetic field that are generated by the underlying electrical activity of active neurons.

Question 16

____________________ assesses the electrical activity of a specific sensory process.

Question 17

____________________ staining would selectively dye white matter black.

Question 18

A type of EEG in which electrodes are placed directly on the surface of the brain is called a(n)____________________.

Question 19

The ____________________ stain colors the cell body of the neuron.

Question 20

The MEG is a recording of the weak magnetic currents generated by the brain.

Question 21

The primary health concern associated with the Computed Transaxial Tomography scan is that:

A)it does not provide as much spatial resolution as the MRI.
B)it requires penetrating radiation.
C)it requires the use of a contrast agent.
D)acute headaches are commonly reported.

Question 22

Unlike CT images,in which the appearance is related primarily to the electron density of the material,MR images depend on many variables,including proton density and T1 and T2 relaxation effects.

Question 23

MEG is routinely used in clinical settings.

Question 24

The lumbar puncture is done in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 25

An enhanced CT scan involves:

A)an injection of sodium amobarbital.
B)oral consumption of an ionized mixture.
C)an injection of an iodinated contrast agent.
D)none of these.

Question 26

MR image analysis and quantification can create a three dimensional picture of the head,entire brain,or individual brain structures.

Question 27

To record an EEG,leads are placed on the scalp and connected to an:

A)electrocardiograph.
B)electromegagraph.
C)electroencephalograph.
D)electromyography.

Question 28

Femorocerebral angiography involves catheterization of the:

A)brachial artery.
B)carotid artery.
C)femoral artery.
D)vertebral arteries.

Question 29

The skull x-ray:

A)obtains a two-dimensional representation of the head.
B)is a very sensitive technique for brain imaging.
C)obtains a three-dimensional representation of the head.
D)requires a contrast agent.

Question 30

The air encephalogram is also called:

A)the Wada technique.
B)intravenous angiography.
C)pneumoencephalography.
D)evoked potential.

Question 31

The EEG is mostly a measure of:

A)subcortical neuronal firing.
B)muscular feedback.
C)cortical neuronal firing.
D)skin responses to pressure.

Question 32

PET uses a radioactive tracer to detect glucose and oxygen metabolism,as well as cerebral blood flow.

Question 33

Alpha activity is:

A)the predominant background activity in an awake person.
B)18 to 35 hertz.
C)associated with peak performance and hyperarousal.
D)associated with Stage 4 sleep.

Question 34

The Wada technique involves:

A)the injection of a barbiturate to anesthetize one hemisphere.
B)scalp recording of alpha,beta,and theta waves.
C)the injection of an iodine agent to visualize the activity of one hemisphere.
D)injection of oxygenated air for visualization of the ventricles.

Question 35

One advantage of PET is that it is inexpensive.

Question 36

Digital subtraction angiography is effective for:

A)identifying atrophy of the ventricular system.
B)enhancing visualization of blood vessels.
C)enhancing visualization of gyri.
D)discriminating hypodensity and hyperdensity of tissue.

Question 37

Which of the following is not an invasive procedure?

A)Wada technique
B)air encephalogram
C)angiography
D)computed transaxial tomography

Question 38

Theta waves are:

A)associated with being at rest with eyes open.
B)indicative of drowsiness and being inwardly focused.
C)indicative of brain death.
D)ranges of .05 to 4 hertz.

Question 39

Golgi used silver chromate to stain dead neurons.

Question 40

Gamma activity:

A)is a low amplitude slow activity wave.
B)is a low-amplitude fast-activity wave.
C)has the slowest rhythm rate.
D)is associated with hypoarousal.

Question 41

To determine which parts of the brain are activated by different types of physical sensation or activity,such as sight,sound or movement of a subject's finger,an experimenter would most likely use:

A)functional MRI scan (fMRI).
B)a PET scan.
C)an MRI.
D)both an fMRI and PET scan.

Question 42

MEG stands for:

A)magnetic electronic gravitron.
B)magnetoencephalogram.
C)magnetic electrical generator.
D)magnetoelectrocardiogram.

Question 43

SER is:

A)an abbreviation for Somatosensory Evoked Response.
B)obtained by stimulating the median nerve at the wrist.
C)useful for measuring abnormalities of the PNS.
D)all of these

Question 44

With auditory evoked potential:

A)auditory clicks are presented to each ear via headphones.
B)it is possible to diagnose a lesion in the inferior colliculus.
C)the auditory pathways generate an electrical signal along the central auditory pathways.
D)all of these

Question 45

In contrast to SPECT,PET:

A)uses a tracer with a very short half-life.
B)requires an expensive cyclotron.
C)allows one to examine both regional cerebral glucose utilization and oxygen metabolism.
D)all of these

Question 46

One of the fundamental ways neurons organize their rate of electrical activity is:

A)by desynchronizing their neuronal firings.
B)by emitting gamma-amino butyric acid.
C)by synchronizing their oscillations.
D)by taking cues from the thalamus.

Question 47

BEAM provides:

A)color-coded mapping of the brain's metabolic activity in real time.
B)topographic displays showing neuroelectric activity.
C)activity in real time at the subcortical level.
D)a way to enhance the amount of information available on a standard EEG.

Question 48

The advantage of fMRI over SPECT,PET,and CT is:

A)it is less expensive.
B)there is no radiation exposure.
C)it is more useful as an experimental or research tool.
D)it is easier to read and interpret.

Question 49

The principle of the MRI is that the hydrogen atom:

A)resonates due to radio waves.
B)resonates due to radio waves and a magnetic field.
C)resonates due to a magnetic field.
D)resonates due to chemical interference.

Question 50

To identify a neuromuscular disorder or peripheral nerve damage,a physician would most likely request a(n):

A)electroencephalography.
B)BAER.
C)electromyography.
D)CT scan.

Question 51

An evoked potential:

A)is also called an event-related potential.
B)indirectly generates electrical activity along the central and peripheral pathways in the brain.
C)involves the stimulation of specific sensory fibers.
D)all of the these

Question 52

Magnetism is a property of matter that is a result of:

A)orbiting protons.
B)orbiting electrons.
C)orbiting nuclei.
D)orbiting neutrons.

Question 53

PET scans allow us to examine:

A)the structure of brain tissue.
B)both pattern of brain biochemistry and brain metabolism.
C)pattern of brain biochemistry.
D)pattern of brain metabolism.

Question 54

BEAM stands for:

A)brain electrical activity mapping.
B)brain electrical availability mapping.
C)brainstem evoked auditory mapping.
D)brain electrical activity mode.

Question 55

Because the radioisotope used in a PET scan is short-lived,the amount of radiation exposure the patient receives is:

A)equal to two chest X-rays.
B)equal to a SPECT scan.
C)equal to that of an MRI scan.
D)equal to that emitted by BAER.

Question 56

An evoked potential is:

A)analyzed according to the wavelength of signal.
B)useful for displaying electrical activity of the brain in response to a stimulus.
C)analyzed according to the colors that appear on a map of the brain.
D)different from an event-related potential.

Question 57

For identifying tumors or subcortical alterations,it is most advantageous to use the:

A)CT scan.
B)EEG.
C)MRI scan.
D)BAER.

Question 58

In visual evoked responses (VER),electrodes are placed over:

A)the temporal region.
B)occipital region.
C)frontal region.
D)both the parietal and occipital regions.

Question 59

Utilization of a MEG is expensive because it requires:

A)liquid helium to keep the system at a low temperature.
B)liquid nitrogen to keep the system at a low temperature.
C)the use of a radioactive isotope.
D)the use of an iodine tracer.

Question 60

In comparison to traditional EEG,the BEAM system has been shown to:

A)be more sensitive to electrical correlates of cognitive tasks.
B)be more sensitive to electrical correlates of sensory and motor tasks.
C)be less expensive.
D)be useful for identifying what the person is thinking.

Question 61

The combined use of MRI and functional MRI (fMRI)can be used to:

A)superimpose information regarding brain activity over corresponding brain structures.
B)treat brain tumors by applying more accurate radioactive treatment.
C)provide a three-dimensional picture of the magnetic field of the brain.
D)measure electrical activity of the brain.

Question 62

The lumbar puncture takes a sample of:

A)neural tissue from the cortex.
B)cerebrospinal fluid.
C)myelinated axons.
D)the spinal cord.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)?

A)SPECT is more expensive than positron emission tomography (PET).
B)SPECT provides a two-dimensional representation.
C)The SPECT tracer clears from the brain in approximately 15 minutes.
D)SPECT can be used to study subjects while they are performing neuropsychological tasks.

Question 64

Which of the following is used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders?

A)electromyography.
B)evoked potential.
C)electroencephalogram.
D)brain electrical activity mapping.

Question 65

Which of the following is tested by a neurologist during a neurological examination?

A)cranial nerve functioning
B)rudimentary language functions
C)muscle tone
D)all of these

Question 66

A budding neuropsychologist needs to understand:

A)current neuroimaging technology.
B)neurological disorders and their associated cognitive deficits.
C)the social impact any given neurological condition may have on a patient.
D)all of these

Question 67

What method allows for the visualization of a lesion from any angle or perspective?

A)angiography
B)CT
C)brainstem auditory-evoked response
D)image analysis and quantification