Deck 16: Alterations of Consciousness

Question 1

Seizure classification is based on the ____________________ of seizure activity within the brain.

Answer 1

focus

Question 2

Sleep paralysis occurs during REM because it is simply too exhausting to act out dreams.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

____________________ is an episode of brief paralysis that may result in falling to the floor.

Answer 3

Cataplexy

Question 4

The ____________________ loop is the primary mechanism in sleep onset.

Question 5

During the ____________________ stage of sleep,dreams occur.

Question 6

The most common type of seizure disorder is the ____________________ type.

Question 7

Often,sleep apnea causes levels of oxygen to the brain to fall to ____________________ percent.

Question 8

____________________ is defined as what is known or felt by one's inner self.

Question 9

If you had no natural light cues,your body would revert to an approximate ____________________-hour per day cycle.

Question 10

Animal and human studies implicate the thalamocortical circuitry as the source for ____________________ seizures.

Question 11

____________________ occurs when an individual suddenly falls asleep.

Question 12

____________________ seizures are marked by brief lapses of consciousness and usually occur in children.

Question 13

Sleep apnea occurs because of a(n)____________________ of airflow.

Question 14

Drugs are usually prescribed for epilepsy based on the duration of the illness.

Question 15

Acetylcholine ____________________ during REM sleep in animals.

Question 16

The ____________________ system turns REM sleep on and off.

Question 17

The body is physically active during REM sleep.

Question 18

During REM sleep,external sensory stimulation is dampened.

Question 19

Generalized seizures are ____________________ episodes resulting in a loss of consciousness.

Question 20

If you are awakened from Stage 4 sleep,you will need several minutes to recover from grogginess.

Question 21

Individuals who have had their corpus callosum severed (i.e.,split-brain patients)develop two distinct realities or levels of consciousness that cannot be unified again.

Question 22

Lucid dreaming is the process of becoming aware of your dreams.

Question 23

Automatic processing requires the highest degree of conscious intention.

Question 24

Within all human beings there are brain and body processes that are unavailable to conscious experience.

Question 25

Biofeedback can make some previously unconscious physiological mechanisms in the body available to modification by the conscious mind.

Question 26

Consciousness can be conceptualized as a level of awareness,a state of mental alertness,or as an "inner self."

Question 27

The thalamus is thought to be involved in temporal binding because of its function as a sensory relay station of the brain and its synchronized cortical processes.

Question 28

Sleep apnea is one of the possible causes of sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 29

Narcoleptic attacks are related to epilepsy.

Question 30

Artificial intelligence refers to individuals that are not as smart as they appear.

Question 31

Benzodiazepines disrupt memory consolidation.

Question 32

Consciousness is regularly altered by biological and cosmic rhythms.

Question 33

Benzodiazepines are primarily prescribed as sleeping and anti-inflammatory medications.

Question 34

The ability to describe internal experiences is integral to measuring individual consciousness.

Question 35

Cataplexy occurs primarily when an individual experiences prolonged and expected excitement.

Question 36

There is no typical pattern of cognitive dysfunction associated with epilepsy.

Question 37

Seizures occur due to excessive inhibitory synchronous neuronal firing.

Question 38

Auras may point to the genesis or origin of a seizure.

Question 39

Surgical means of treating sleep apnea are more beneficial than mechanical means.

Question 40

Consciousness has been widely and objectively studied in the field of neuropsychology.

Question 41

The neocortex is not believed to play a role in the evaluation of experiences.

Question 42

The deepest stage of sleep (Stage 4)is marked by:

A)³ 50% delta waves.
B)³ 50% theta waves.
C)³ 50% theta waves.
D)alpha waves.

Question 43

The binding problem refers to the way in which the brain is able to create one definable conscious experience at any given moment in time.

Question 44

The term circadian rhythm refers to a:

A)response to the rhythms of the cosmos.
B)mechanistic approach to understanding human functioning.
C)daily patterns of the sleep cycle.
D)daily pattern of sleep and wakefulness.

Question 45

It is widely accepted,as Descartes suggested,that the pineal gland is the center of consciousness in the human brain.

Question 46

The cerebellum has a clearly identified role in human consciousness.

Question 47

Scientists continue to search for the one neuroanatomical structure implicated in consciousness.

Question 48

What is described as the 'master switch' to arousal?

A)thalamus
B)brain stem
C)hypothalamus
D)pineal gland

Question 49

Nocturnal myoclonus,or restless leg syndrome,occurs during:

A)REM sleep only.
B)both REM and NREM sleep.
C)NREM sleep only.
D)neither REM nor NREM sleep.

Question 50

The experience of consciousness is partially accounted for via the sensory systems (i.e.,vision,audition,proprioception,olfaction,and taste).

Question 51

Individual concepts are stored on a single-cellular level within different cortices.

Question 52

Dreaming is called "paradoxical sleep" because:

A)remembrance of your dreams is indicative of conscious processing of information.
B)the presence of theta waves during REM sleep is similar to wakefulness.
C)when sleepwalking,the individual is capable of successfully maneuvering about the environment.
D)the presence of delta waves during REM sleep is similar to wakefulness.

Question 53

Neurons that fire together in bursts may be a partial explanation for the binding problem and for human consciousness.

Question 54

Our circadian clock is housed in the:

A)suprachiasmic nucleus.
B)nucleus accumbens.
C)CA1 field of the hippocampus.
D)nucleus cereleus.

Question 55

The thalamus may operate as the "integrator" of conscious experience.

Question 56

The reticular activating system has a clear role in human consciousness.

Question 57

Brain waves may play a role in the binding problem and in the unification of conscious experience.

Question 58

Over a night's sleep,normal sleepers spend what percentage of time in NREM versus REM sleep?

A)25% vs.75%
B)75% vs.25%
C)60% vs.40%
D)30% vs.70%

Question 59

The larger the cortex of any given organism,the smaller the capacity for self-awareness.

Question 60

Other areas outside of the occipital cortex that are activated during REM sleep include:

A)the frontal eye fields.
B)the dorsolateral prefrontal regions.
C)the primary motor strip.
D)the hippocampal region.

Question 61

The major difference between a grand mal and a petit mal seizure is the presence or absence of:

A)motoric abnormalities.
B)an altered state of consciousness.
C)migraines and disorientation.
D)extreme emotional responsiveness.

Question 62

Over a night's sleep,infants spend what amount of time in REM sleep?

A)75%
B)25%
C)50%
D)0%

Question 63

Hypnagogic hallucinations occur primarily during:

A)stage 2 sleep.
B)the transition from NREM to REM.
C)stage 4 sleep.
D)the transition from waking to sleep.

Question 64

A typical neuropsychological profile for a patient with a temporal lobe seizure disorder would consist of deficits within the following areas:

A)memory,language,and attention.
B)language,visuospatial,and visuoperceptual skills.
C)learning,memory,and abstract reasoning.
D)learning,memory,and language.

Question 65

You are talking to a friend and she suddenly becomes unresponsive and stares off as if lost in thought,her eyelids fluttering.A few seconds later she looks back at you and responds to your question,although not exactly with the point you were discussing.Your friend has experienced a(n):

A)break from reality.
B)partial complex seizure.
C)grand mal seizure.
D)absence seizure.

Question 66

Cognitive functioning will be more impaired in epilepsy when the epilepsy:

A)appears at an older age.
B)is associated with fewer EEG abnormalities.
C)results in increased frequency of seizures.
D)results in both partial and generalized seizures.

Question 67

Partial seizures are most likely:

A)lateralized.
B)temporary.
C)bilateral.
D)untreatable.

Question 68

J.Allen Hobson suggested that:

A)when dreamers try to move within a dream,they dream that they can't,due to their real body's immobility.
B)most dreams have sexual motivations.
C)dreams need to be interpreted by a therapist to be understood.
D)REM sleep serves as a mental "garbage dump."

Question 69

The first sign of narcolepsy is usually:

A)excessive daytime sleepiness.
B)cataplexy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)sleep paralysis.

Question 70

In the prodromal phase,which "cues" that a seizure is coming,one is most likely to experience:

A)déjà vu.
B)an absence seizure.
C)an aura.
D)interictal confusion.

Question 71

Epilepsy is diagnosed only when seizures are a(n)____ phenomenon.

A)isolated
B)repeating
C)congenital
D)fabricated

Question 72

Risk factors for sleep apnea include all of the following except:

A)age.
B)race.
C)obesity.
D)gender.

Question 73

It is hypothesized that the binding wave of EEG patterns emanates from the:

A)ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus.
B)brainstem.
C)intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus.
D)medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

Question 74

Spontaneous firings of the brain can cause:

A)dreams.
B)hallucinations.
C)dreams and hallucinations.
D)dreams,hallucinations,and intense emotions.

Question 75

What stage of sleep is usually described as restorative?

A)stage 1
B)stage 4
C)stage 2
D)REM sleep

Question 76

The reticular activating system is designed to:

A)activate subcortical circuitry.
B)act as an inhibitory control on the GTF.
C)maintain cortical arousal.
D)monitor daily rhythms of sleep.

Question 77

CNS temperature increases and motor responsiveness is atonic during:

A)stage 1 of sleep.
B)wakefulness.
C)non-REM sleep.
D)REM sleep.

Question 78

The sleep rhythm is approximately how long?

A)60 minutes
B)30 minutes
C)90 minutes
D)24 hour cycle

Question 79

Some of the hypothesized functions of REM sleep include all of the following except:

A)eye exercise.
B)expression of the unconscious.
C)mental garbage dump.
D)memory consolidation.

Question 80

The important link between sleep and memory is seen between:

A)encoding and delta waves.
B)long-term potentiation and theta waves.
C)retrieval and theta waves.
D)short-term potentiation and theta waves.