Deck 11: Learning and Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

"Autistic aloneness" refers to the psychological state of significant separation and disconnection from other people.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

If only the oxytocin-opiate system is damaged,the Comprehensive Neurofunctional Model would predict that most of the autistic symptoms would be absent except for those associated with disrupted social attachment.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

An individual who repeats a word,words,or phrases over and over is demonstrating the clinical characteristic of ____________________.

Answer 3

echolalia

Question 4

____________________,or "mentalism," refers to the ability to infer mental states of others.
or

Question 5

Barkley proposes a(n)____________________ model of ADHD.

Question 6

The cells responsive to stationary objects and high contrast are contained within the magnocellular visual system.

Question 7

Flicker fusion rate refers to the rate at which two visual images fuse into one image when rapidly presented.

Question 8

Postmortem findings of neuronal ectopias and cytoarchitectonic dysplasia in the brains of individuals with dyslexia suggests abnormal neural development between the fifth and seventh months of gestation.

Question 9

Recent research suggests that children with NVLD struggle with recalling their math facts.

Question 10

____________________ refers to the application of rules for translating letters and letter sequences into their corresponding speech-sound equivalents.

Question 11

____________________ governs the reuptake of dopamine into the neuron.
or

Question 12

The frontal lobes of children with dyslexia and those with ADHD have been found to be structurally similar.

Question 13

Asperger's syndrome and autism are terms that describe the same symptom presentation.

Question 14

Tic behaviors involving obscene or inappropriate speech is referred to as ____________________.

Question 15

The three frontal-basal ganglia circuits believed to mediate higher-order behavior are dorsolateral,lateral orbitofrontal,and ____________________.

Question 16

____________________ is the ability to understand the operation of one's own cognitive processes.

Question 17

In the study of children with ADHD and those with hydrocephalus,Brewer and Associates (2001)determined that the group with ADHD demonstrated weaknesses in the ____________________.

Question 18

An individual who fails to understand the social and emotional content of speech could have an impairment in the ____________________ of language.

Question 19

____________________ are repetitive,stereotypic,nonrhythmic,and reoccurring motor or vocal responses.

Question 20

Individuals suffering from an NLD have difficulty understanding facial and body gestures as they relate to emotional expression.

Question 21

The cerebellum has not been implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Question 22

A number of researchers have posed that a deficit of inhibitory control may be central to the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Question 23

Surface dyslexia refers to:

A)slow reading fluency.
B)impaired whole-word reading but unimpaired ability to sound out words.
C)misarticulation of spoken words.
D)impaired ability to sound out words and intact whole-word reading.

Question 24

ADHD often coexists with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)and conduct disorder (CD).

Question 25

Rourke's initial studies on Reading and Spelling (R-S)disorders found that these children were impaired in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)psycholinguistic skills.
B)spelling skills.
C)reading skills.
D)psychomotor skills.

Question 26

Individuals with autism,when viewing the movement of geometric shapes,fail to:

A)describe the physical features of the shapes.
B)impose social meaning on the movements.
C)perceive the movement of the shapes.
D)none of these

Question 27

The most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder is:

A)autism.
B)conduct disorder (CD).
C)nonverbal learning disability (NVLD).
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 28

Autistic aloneness is:

A)the inability to relate to others.
B)characterized by a disconnection from people.
C)a psychological state of profound separation.
D)all of these

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated as pathogenic of autism?

A)acetylcholine
B)GABA
C)imipramine
D)serotonin

Question 30

Individual's with autism have been found to show reduced activation of the fusiform face area when:

A)identifying mental states based on facial details.
B)matching facial expressions.
C)performing a facial discrimination task.
D)all of these

Question 31

The brain size of individuals with autism has been found to be smaller in adulthood than that of healthy adults.

Question 32

A child who demonstrates social interest,continually uses odd words of speech but has normal language development,and has a preoccupation with odd objects (e.g.,bottle caps)may be exhibiting:

A)Rhett syndrome.
B)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
C)Asperger's syndrome.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Question 33

The cells that are highly sensitive to movement and low contrast are contained within the:

A)parvocellular visual system.
B)anterior attentional network.
C)magnocellular visual system.
D)visual attentional system.

Question 34

The social brain network includes the orbital and medial prefrontal cortices,which are hypothesized to:

A)integrate and regulate affective and cognitive processes.
B)process facial features and eye gaze.
C)assist in facial discrimination.
D)attributing emotional valence to environmental stimuli.

Question 35

Which gene has been associated with "thrill seeking"?

A)D4 receptor gene,7 repeat allele
B)catechol 0-methyltransferase (COMT)
C)dopamine receptor D5
D)none of these

Question 36

Waterhouse and coworkers (1996)posit four neurofunctional mechanisms that create the core symptoms of autism.These four are:

A)asociality,distractibility,affective impairment,and canalesthesia.
B)asociality,extended selective attention,affective impairment,and canalesthesia.
C)nonverbal impairment,affective disturbance,canalesthesia,and desensitization.
D)none of these

Question 37

Children with tics show an acceleration of tics in adolescence that continues into adulthood.

Question 38

Which reading-related neural system identified by Shaywitz and associates is involved with the mapping of visual print to its phonologic representation?

A)right cerebellum area.
B)left dorsal parietotemporal area.
C)left inferior frontal area.
D)left ventral occipitotemproal area.

Question 39

Recent research (Forrest,2004)of the math performance of children with nonverbal learning disability (NLVD)revealed that these children were proficient when they:

A)could apply their verbal abilities to math operations.
B)could apply their visuospatial skills to math operations.
C)performed mechanical math.
D)none of these

Question 40

A chronic motor or vocal tic meets the criteria for the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS).

Question 41

Approximately,what percentage of the variance in dyslexia is genetic?

A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%

Question 42

What is the most common learning disability?

A)dyscalculia
B)dyslexia
C)autism
D)dysgraphia

Question 43

A child contracts a "strep" infection and subsequently begins to tic and show obsessive-compulsive behaviors.This condition is labeled:

A)streptococcal induced copropraxia.
B)a pseudo tic and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection.
D)none of these

Question 44

There is growing support for anomalies of the ____ in the pathogenesis of ADHD.

A)fusiform face circuitry
B)medial temporal-limbic system
C)frontal-striatal-cerebellar circuitry
D)cortical-thalamic circuitry

Question 45

A learning disability that involves impairment in written expression is called:

A)dyscalculia.
B)dyslexia.
C)autism.
D)dysgraphia.

Question 46

How much more likely is a child of a dyslexic parent to exhibit dyslexia than a child of a non-dyslexic parent?

A)2 times
B)3 times
C)5 times
D)8 times

Question 47

Behavioral inhibition involves which of the following?

A)stopping the release of a prepotent response
B)stopping an ongoing response
C)protecting ongoing mental operations from disruption by competing stimuli
D)all of these

Question 48

What percentage of school-age children are affected by dyslexia?

A)1-2%
B)2-4%
C)4-9%
D)10-15%

Question 49

The magnocellular visual system is sensitive to:

A)color.
B)fine spatial details.
C)spatial location.
D)high contrast.

Question 50

Casey and associates (2002)determined that children with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome demonstrated a deficit in response execution.Response execution is believed to be supported by the:

A)left orbital/dorsal lateral prefrontal circuits.
B)supplementary eye and dorsal lateral prefrontal circuits.
C)basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits.
D)right orbital/anterior cingulate circuits.

Question 51

The two most successful interventions in treating children with ADHD are:

A)Jungian therapy and behavioral exposure.
B)exposure therapy and systematic desensitization.
C)insight therapy and anti-depressant medications.
D)behavioral management and psychostimulant medications.

Question 52

The two disorders that most frequently co-exist with ADHD are:

A)conduct disorder (CD)and learning disability (LD).
B)oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)and conduct disorder (CD).
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)and learning disability (LD).

Question 53

A student frequently calls out in class,interrupts others,and has great difficulty waiting his turn.These behaviors suggest:

A)inattentiveness.
B)impulsiveness.
C)poor parenting.
D)distractibility.

Question 54

A learning disability that involves impairment in arithmetic is called:

A)dyscalculia.
B)dyslexia.
C)autism.
D)dysgraphia.

Question 55

Kunin-Batson and associates (2002)found that psychostimulant medication had a facilitating effect on which components of Mirsky's model?

A)"shift" and "encode"
B)"sustain" and "stable"
C)"focus-execute" and "encode"
D)"sustain" and "shift"

Question 56

The ratio of dyslexia cases in boys versus girls is:

A)1:2.
B)2:1.
C)2:3.
D)3:2.

Question 57

An individual with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome is likely to be treated with a:

A)dopamine agonist.
B)dopamine antagonist.
C)noradrenergic antagonist.
D)none of these

Question 58

Which disorder comprises 50% of the population of child psychiatric clinics?

A)nonverbal learning disability
B)schizophrenia
C)autism
D)ADHD

Question 59

The motor and vocal tics of Tourette's syndrome are believed to relate to the disinhibition of the:

A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
B)frontal motor-striatal circuit at the level of the caudate.
C)frontal eye-field circuitry.
D)occipital region.

Question 60

The impulsive-hyperactive symptoms of ADHD have been related to anomalies of the:

A)executive control system supported by the anterior cingulate region.
B)orienting system supported by the posterior parietal region.
C)orienting system supported by the thalamus.
D)alerting system supported by right posterior parietal.

Question 61

In non-reading disordered individuals,the planum temporale is:

A)smaller in the left hemisphere.
B)larger in the left hemisphere.
C)symmetrical.
D)absent in the right hemisphere.

Question 62

The pragmatics of language refers to:

A)the practicality of word choice when speaking.
B)the ability to retrieve accurately from lexicon stores.
C)the emotional and social content of a message.
D)quality of speech.

Question 63

An individual with nonverbal learning disability syndrome is likely to:

A)be especially skilled in social interactions.
B)exhibit poor social judgment.
C)have a speech impediment.
D)exhibit dyslexia.

Question 64

In autism,a state of separation and disconnection from other people is known as:

A)joint attention.
B)autistic aloneness.
C)separation anxiety.
D)none of these.

Question 65

Which of the following neuroanatomical structures is implicated in phonologic processing?

A)occipital cortex
B)Raphe nucleus
C)corpus callosum
D)planum temporale

Question 66

Adolescents with nonverbal learning disability syndrome are likely to:

A)form peer relationships as well as anyone else.
B)act-out and engage in impulsive behavior.
C)become isolated and withdrawn.
D)exhibit poor verbal skills.

Question 67

Which of the following is a common error made by individuals with nonverbal learning disability syndrome?

A)misreading mathematical symbols
B)failure to remember mathematical rules
C)poorly formed numbers
D)all of these

Question 68

Which of the following represents the disruption of the magnocellular and parvocellular visual systems in dyslexia?

A)The magnocellular visual system is completely impaired and fails to operate.
B)The parvocellular visual system is completely impaired and fails to operate.
C)The parvocellular visual system fails to inhibit the magnocellular visual system.
D)The magnocellular visual system fails to inhibit the parvocellular visual system.

Question 69

A non-verbal learning disability (NVLD)is characterized by:

A)impaired psycholinguistic skills.
B)preserved tactile-perceptual skills.
C)preserved psychomotor abilities.
D)impaired tactile-perceptual abilities.

Question 70

The application of rules for translating letters and letter sequences into corresponding speech-sound equivalents is called:

A)phonologic processing.
B)cytoarchitectonic dysplasia.
C)lexicon storage.
D)the semantic processing.

Question 71

Which of the following neuroanatomical structures is implicated in dyslexia?

A)planum temporale
B)frontal cortex
C)corpus callosum
D)all of these

Question 72

Which of the following is hypothesized to be true about the right cerebral hemisphere?

A)The right hemisphere is more diffusely organized than the left.
B)The right hemisphere shows more specialization for interregional integration of information than the left.
C)The right hemisphere possesses more association regions than the left.
D)all of these

Question 73

Autism is characterized by:

A)preserved social relatedness.
B)the presence of repetitive behaviors.
C)intense emotional attachments to other people.
D)preserved language functioning.

Question 74

Which of the following is a frequent deficit observed in the nonverbal learning disability syndrome?

A)mathematics
B)reading
C)spelling
D)expressive language

Question 75

An individual with a pervasive development disorder:

A)will likely outgrow the disorder by adulthood.
B)has a high probability of not achieving normal adaptive functioning.
C)is not likely to exhibit mental retardation.
D)has dyslexia.

Question 76

Individuals with dyslexia struggle most with word recognition when presented with:

A)familiar words.
B)familiar and lengthy words.
C)unfamiliar words.
D)all of these

Question 77

The parvocellular visual system is sensitive to:

A)rapid stimulus change.
B)stationary objects.
C)low contrast.
D)spatial location.

Question 78

The nonverbal learning disability syndrome can by caused by:

A)damage to white fibers which access the right cerebral hemisphere.
B)damage to white fibers which connect cortical regions within the right hemisphere.
C)damage to white fibers which link cortical to subcortical regions within the right hemisphere.
D)all of these

Question 79

The ability to reciprocate attention to another individual is called:

A)joint attention.
B)autistic aloneness.
C)neologism.
D)echolalia.

Question 80

A reading and spelling (R-S)learning disability is characterized by:

A)preserved psycholinguistic skills.
B)poor visual-perceptual skills.
C)preserved nonverbal problem solving skills.
D)impaired psychomotor abilities.