Deck 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

Question 1

Which of the following is an accurate statement about deviance?

A) It is the same over time, situation, group, or culture.
B) It is a violation of society's formal laws.
C) It is seldom considered a crime.
D) It is universal because it exists in every society.
E) It is independent of social stigmas.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Measuring criminal deviance is simple and straightforward.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Deviance cannot be considered a crime.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?

A) Molestation
B) Belching loudly
C) Suicide
D) Prostitution
E) Cyber theft

Question 5

Deviance does not vary in terms of time, situation, group, or culture.

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of deviance?

A) Perceptions of deviance remain the same across all human beings irrespective of age, caste, ethnicity, gender, or religion.
B) If a behavior is once perceived as deviant then it is considered as deviant forever.
C) Perception of deviance is not defined or influenced by laws, but it is defined by every individual.
D) Perception of deviance changes over time.
E) Public attitudes and perception of deviance are independent of each other.

Question 7

Primary deviance is the initial act of breaking a rule.

Question 8

Deviance is dysfunctional because it increases confidence in institutions.

Question 9

Deviance becomes crime when:

A) it results in bodily harm to a person.
B) it warrants more than five years of imprisonment.
C) it involves the collective effort of a large number of people.
D) it violates rules that have been written into law.
E) it violates rules that are deemed immoral.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of stigmatized individuals?

A) They have an aversion toward music, sports, and other lifestyle activities.
B) They are kept in a mental asylum for the safety of others.
C) They are kept in a separate prison specific to them.
D) They hide information about some aspect of their deviance.
E) They are well respected in the society as they are changed individuals.

Question 11

Suicide is the most common criminal deviance.

Question 12

Dressing inappropriately is an example of formal deviance.

Question 13

The term anomie was introduced to describe the condition in which people are completely sure of how to behave in front of other people.

Question 14

It is usually easy for powerful people to hide their deviance.

Question 15

White-collar crimes do not involve violence.

Question 16

Rehabilitation, a third approach to controlling deviance, maintains that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens.

Question 17

Deviance is independent of social stigmas.

Question 18

Deviance is universal because it exists in every society.

Question 19

A reason for female victimization is the effect of culture on gender roles.

Question 20

Hate crimes are also known as public order crimes.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

A) It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.
B) It primarily deals with corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
C) It offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than other reports.
D) It contains an exhaustive list of property crimes.
E) It overcomes the limitations of victimization surveys.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a property crime?

A) Aggravated assault
B) Burglary
C) Trafficking
D) Kidnapping
E) Rape

Question 23

Two of the most important sources of crime statistics are the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S.Department of Justice's--_____.

A) Digital Telephonic Survey.
B) Federal Register.
C) International Political Survey (IPS).
D) Crime Information Center (CIC).
E) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).

Question 24

One of the shortcomings of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is that it does not include:

A) corporate crimes, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
B) crimes against women.
C) crimes reported to police.
D) crimes committed by black American offenders.
E) non-violent crimes.

Question 25

_____ are primarily middle-class crimes that include offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations.

A) Hate crimes
B) Blue-collar crimes
C) Corporate crimes
D) Intellectual property thefts
E) Informal deviances

Question 26

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

A) They cause significant public harm.
B) They are not as serious as property crimes.
C) They involve a lot of violence.
D) They are primarily middle-class crimes.
E) They are not lucrative as most offenders are caught easily.

Question 27

Since the year 1993, there has been a much higher rate of _____ to violent crimes in the U.S.

A) property
B) non-violent
C) victimless
D) organizational
E) white-collar

Question 28

Which of the following crimes is considered a criminal deviance?

A) Adult pornography
B) Alcoholism
C) Suicide
D) Mental illness
E) Intellectual property theft

Question 29

_____ refer to illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupations.

A) Informal deviances
B) Hate crimes
C) Intellectual property thefts
D) White-collar crimes
E) Victimless crimes

Question 30

Which of the following is true of intellectual property thefts?

A) Intellectual property thefts are primarily middle-class crimes.
B) The offenders of intellectual property thefts are easy to catch.
C) Intellectual property thefts are seldom reported to the police.
D) The offenders of intellectual property thefts are always high-status people.
E) Intellectual property thefts are obsolete since the year 2000.

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a violent crime?

A) Robbery
B) Motor-Vehicle theft
C) Arson
D) Intellectual property theft
E) Cybercrime

Question 32

Sociologists are especially interested in criminal deviance, behavior that violates laws, because they:

A) are easy to measure.
B) threaten people's lives or property.
C) are ignored by other theorists.
D) have consistent statistics, unlike noncriminal deviances.
E) always follow a synchronous pattern.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of street crimes?

A) Offenders of street crimes are easily caught.
B) Street crimes are random.
C) Street crimes are committed by ordinary people.
D) Street crimes do not involve violence.
E) Most offenders of street crimes are above the age of 55.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of normalization of deviance?

A) Acceptance of same-sex marriage in some countries
B) Banning smoking in all public places
C) Stigmatized individuals altering their appearance
D) Subjugating women in society
E) Obesity being stigmatized in the recent days

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of an intellectual property theft?

A) Joan bullies and steals from her classmate Rafia as Joan has a bias toward Rafia's ethnicity.
B) Shaina steals clothes and accessories from market and sells them online through her Facebook page.
C) Jack, an auto mechanic, uses his customers' cars without their knowledge.
D) Dave, a sales manager, sells some of his company's classified reports to a competitor.
E) Daniel steals Cavin's Chemistry assignment and submits it with his name written on it.

Question 36

Which of the following is a similarity between the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S.Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

A) Both interview people about being crime victims.
B) Both include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
C) Both include data of reported and unreported crime.
D) Both are not affected by police discretion in deciding whether to arrest an offender.
E) Both provide only estimates of U.S.crime and not the actual figures.

Question 37

_____ include a vast array of illicit activities such as conspiracies to stifle free market competition, price-fixing, tax evasion, and false advertising.

A) Informal deviances
B) Cybercrimes
C) Blue-collar crimes
D) Intellectual property thefts
E) Corporate crimes

Question 38

Which of the following crimes is considered a noncriminal deviance?

A) Human trafficking
B) Molestation
C) Suicide
D) Cyber crime
E) Intellectual property theft

Question 39

Which of the following is true of the U.S.Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

A) It includes data of only reported crimes.
B) It does not include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
C) It offers a lesser accurate picture of many offenses than other reports.
D) It does not represent the actual crime rate in the U.S.as it is affected by police discretion in deciding whether to arrest an offender.
E) It uses data collected by interviewing crime victims.

Question 40

Corporate crimes are also known as _____.

A) organizational crimes
B) hate crimes
C) white-collar crimes
D) victimless crimes
E) cybercrimes

Question 41

_____ includes drug distribution, loan-sharking, illegal gambling, pornography, theft rings, hijacking cargo, and laundering money obtained from illegal activities by depositing the money in legitimate enterprises.

A) White-collar crime
B) Cybercrime
C) Corporate crime
D) Victimless crime
E) Organized crime

Question 42

According to the functionalists, deviance is dysfunctional because it:

A) bolsters the economy.
B) is cheap and inexpensive.
C) decreases confidence in institutions.
D) provides permanent safety valves.
E) destroys social unity.

Question 43

Damion moved with his family to a new neighborhood.In his old neighborhood, he used to greet people on the road while walking, whereas in his new neighborhood, this behavior is considered inappropriate.Damion is confused by this difference in social norms and is unsure of how to react.In this case, Damion is most likely to have experienced _____.

A) sanctioning
B) anomie
C) alienation
D) obedience
E) strain

Question 44

According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation do most people use to resolve their social strain?

A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Retreatism
E) Rebellion

Question 45

In the context of Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people do not expect to be rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or keep a job.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 46

Merton's _____ posits that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals.

A) feminist theory
B) symbolic interaction theory
C) conflict theory
D) strain theory
E) anomie theory

Question 47

Which of the following is true of cybercrime?

A) Cybercrime and cyber espionage cost the United States about $10 million a year.
B) Cybercrime offenders are only high-status people.
C) Dealing with cybercrime decreases a business's operating costs.
D) Preventing cybercrime slows research and development in a company.
E) Dealing with cybercrime increases a company's revenue significantly.

Question 48

Which of the following is a victimless crime?

A) Lending money as loans at illegal rates
B) Hacking into an organization's server
C) Impersonating the FBI to get personal and financial data of online customers
D) Persuading unassuming people to send money and gifts
E) Offering sexual services to people for money

Question 49

In the context of Merton's strain theory of deviance, people in the _____ mode reject both the goals and the means for success.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 50

_____ include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, being paid to recommend stock on chat rooms, and stealing business data.

A) Informal deviances
B) Cybercrimes
C) Victimless crimes
D) Intellectual property thefts
E) Corporate crimes

Question 51

Aaron and his friends engage in illegal activities online.They sell cars online for a full or partial payment, but they not deliver the vehicle.At times, they also ask for the Social Security Numbers of unassuming buyers in the pretense of verifying their credibility.In this case, Aaron and his friends are engaged in _____.

A) computer crime
B) victimless crime
C) blue-collar crime
D) corporate crime
E) organizational crime

Question 52

Sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential information are examples of _____.

A) public order crimes
B) victimless crimes
C) cybercrimes
D) violent crimes
E) organized crimes

Question 53

Two of the most influential theories offered by functionalists are:

A) anomie and strain theories.
B) functional and dysfunctional theories.
C) probability and non probability theories
D) formal and informal theories.
E) stratification and causation theories.

Question 54

According to Robert Merton, Americans are taught to strive toward the American dream of economic success.He termed these aspirations as _____.

A) institutionalized goals
B) institutionalized means
C) cultural strains
D) cultural means
E) cultural goals

Question 55

Victimless crimes are also known as _____.

A) organized retail crimes
B) organizational crimes
C) white-collar crimes
D) property crimes
E) public order crimes

Question 56

Which of the following crimes involves a practice known as e-fencing?

A) White-collar crime
B) Violent crime
C) Corporate crime
D) Victimless crime
E) Organized retail crime

Question 57

According to functionalists, deviance is functional because it:

A) bolsters the economy.
B) increases trust in personal and formal relationships.
C) increases confidence in institutions.
D) reduces tension and insecurity.
E) impedes social change.

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of Robert Merton's institutionalized means to achieve economic success?

A) Completing college
B) Creating diversity
C) Having cultural strain
D) Being unemployed
E) Being non-adjusting

Question 59

Which of the following is true of functionalists' perspective on deviance?

A) Functionalists argue that anomie decreases the likelihood of deviance.
B) Functionalists view deviance as purely functional.
C) Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society.
D) Functionalists draw a strong association between capitalism and deviance.
E) Functionalists consider deviance as a socially constructed behavior.

Question 60

According to Robert Merton, to achieve the cultural goal of economic success, Americans must:

A) emphasize on seeking quick gratification.
B) follow shortcuts to economic success.
C) be introverts at the workplace.
D) make sacrifices.
E) quit education and start working.

Question 61

Being a deviant or a criminal depends on how others react.From a symbolic interaction perspective, justify this statement.

Question 62

_____ causes inequality and such inequality diminishes women's control over their lives and increases their invisibility as victims.

A) Feminism
B) Patriarchy
C) Matriarchy
D) Egalitarianism
E) Jurisprudence

Question 63

Give an example of a situation where corporate crimes are profitable.

Question 64

According to _____, deviance is socially constructed because it is in the eye of the beholder.

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) feminist theorists
D) symbolic interactionists
E) rational choice theorists

Question 65

In the context of Merton's strain theory of deviance,_____ is a mode of adaptation in which people feel so alienated that they want to change the social structure entirely by substituting new goals and means for the current ones.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 66

Explain the two most important sources of crime statistics.

Question 67

Deviance is dysfunctional because it erodes trust in personal and formal relationships.Justify this statement.

Question 68

Can perceptions of deviance change over time? Justify your answer.

Question 69

Explain positive and negative sanctions with examples.

Question 70

Public attitudes and behavior affect definitions of deviance.Justify this statement with examples.

Question 71

Explain how rehabilitation can be used as an approach for controlling deviance.

Question 72

Bryan's mother taught him to be kind and honest.Even when faced with the opportunity to be dishonest for personal gain, Bryan chooses to follow his mother's words and be honest.In this case, Bryan's behavior illustrates:

A) informal social control.
B) formal social control.
C) positive sanction.
D) negative sanction.
E) primary deviance.

Question 73

According to conflict theorists, why do so many high-status people commit crimes? Give at least one reason.

Question 74

Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas.Justify this statement.

Question 75

Most _____ focus on capitalism, social inequality, and power differences.

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) feminists
D) symbolic interactionists
E) rational choice theorists

Question 76

Explain in detail Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie.

Question 77

Give at least three reasons why deviance is considered dysfunctional by functionalists.

Question 78

What are victimless crimes?

Question 79

Explain why white-collar crimes are lucrative.

Question 80

Summarize the critical evaluation of feminist perspectives on deviance.