Deck 13: Education and Religion

Question 1

Civil religion refers to the belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, frugality, and economic success would lead to salvation in the afterlife.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The effects of tracking are usually short-lived.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to functionalists, a manifest function of education is that it:

A) decreases job competition.
B) brings unmarried people together.
C) increases societal cohesion.
D) creates social networks.
E) offers business opportunities.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to functionalists, which of the following is a manifest function of education?

A) Education is good for business.
B) Schools provide childcare for two-income families.
C) Education decreases job competition.
D) Education promotes cultural innovation.
E) High schools are matchmaking institutions.

Question 5

According to a study by Hamilton in 1995, because churches are an integral part of the social order, they often become dependent on, rather than critical of, the ruling classes.

Question 6

For functionalists, education contributes to society's stability, solidarity, and well-being, and provides people with an opportunity for upward mobility.

Question 7

Marx viewed religion as a form of false consciousness, an acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression.

Question 8

Compared with teachers in top-performing countries, a higher number of U.S.teachers don't have a bachelor's degree or higher in the subjects they teach.

Question 9

Children who read proficiently by the end of the third grade are more likely to do well in other subjects.

Question 10

Marriage rituals are probably the most elaborate and sacred rituals worldwide.

Question 11

As education increases, the importance of religion also increases.

Question 12

Which of the following best defines the term schooling?

A) A system that rewards people because of their individual accomplishments
B) Assignment of students to specific educational programs and classes based on their ability
C) Transmission of nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs
D) A degree conferred to highlight one's educational attainment level
E) Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting

Question 13

Double segregation refers to separating students not only by race but also by income.

Question 14

A cult is a subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group.

Question 15

According to a project by Cantrell and Kane in 2013, the most accurate way to evaluate elementary school teachers is through the assessment of the methods used by them for instructional delivery.

Question 16

Education benefits taxpayers because more highly educated people are:

A) less likely to pay higher taxes.
B) less likely to rely on public assistance programs.
C) more likely to divert taxable income.
D) less likely to lead healthier lifestyles.
E) more likely to incur high federal health care costs.

Question 17

Which of the following transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills to a society's members?

A) Economy
B) Education
C) Schooling
D) Government
E) Bureaucracy

Question 18

To increase a high school's prestige, superintendents and principals may pressure teachers to offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses and students to take them.

Question 19

A hidden curriculum always determines job placement.

Question 20

In higher education, affirmative action refers to the financial aid provided to students from high-income families.

Question 21

Which of the following statements best explains how education decreases job competition?

A)
Earnings vary by occupation even with the same major field of study.
B) By expanding a person's intellectual horizons, education increases earnings.
C) Education teaches children how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic roles.
D) Educational institutions create social networks that can lead to jobs or business opportunities.
E) The more time that young adults spend in school, the longer the jobs of older workers are safe.

Question 22

A(n) _____ is the difference in academic performance that shows up in grades, standardized test scores, and college completion rates.

A) glass ceiling
B) grade inflation
C) hidden curriculum
D) achievement gap
E) cultural lag

Question 23

According to studies by Gewertz in 2009, Kahlenberg in 2010, and Dwyer et al.in 2013, which of the following best explains why many colleges are giving men preferential treatment in admissions?

A) To enroll privileged male students as legacies
B) To maintain workers for jobs in the stratification hierarchy
C) To avoid large gender imbalances in their student bodies
D) To admit talented low-income and minority students
E) To handle the stress of their economic and social position

Question 24

Which of the following terms refers to school practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs?

A) Hidden curriculum
B) Tracking
C) Credentialism
D) Meritocracy
E) Achievement gap

Question 25

Which of the following is a common criticism of feminist theories?

A)
They overlook the power of individuals to change the course of events.
B) They overstate the importance of social class achievement gaps.
C) They denounce credentialism and credential inflation.
D) They address women's education barriers but not their choices.
E) They are more interested in men's than in women's gender gaps.

Question 26

Which of the following most accurately defines the term tracking?

A) The difference in academic performance that shows up in grades, standardized test scores, and college completion rates
B) Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting
C) A collection of school practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs
D) The assignment of students to specific educational programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability
E) An emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications

Question 27

Emily was always considered a bright student.As a result, she was assigned to classes that involved critical thinking and complex problem solving, while other students were assigned to classes that involved simple skills.She was allotted a large quantity of homework that was conceptually complicated.Moreover, she was provided with better quality instructions than other students.Which of the following terms can be used to describe Emily's separation from average students?

A) Hidden curriculum
B) Tracking
C) Credentialism
D) Meritocracy
E) Achievement gap

Question 28

In the context of education, which of the following is a criticism of conflict theorists?

A) They exaggerate the benefits of education.
B) They neglect the macro-level structural constraints that are built into society.
C) They gloss over rising college costs and student loan debt.
D) They overlook the power of individuals to change the course of events.
E) They overstate the importance of social class achievement gaps.

Question 29

Which of the following statements best describes students who are termed legacies?

A) They are students with learning disabilities who display normal intelligence.
B) They are the children of alumni who have "reserved seats" regardless of their accomplishments or ability.
C) They are high-performing students from low-income public high schools who enter selective colleges based on their merit.
D) They are the children of low-income families who enter popular schools and colleges in their neighborhoods.
E) They are minority students who receive a master's degree from prestigious colleges.

Question 30

Which of the following is a criticism of the functionalist perspective on education?

A) Functionalists disregard the power of individuals to change the course of events.
B) Functionalists overlook parental pressures faced by successful students.
C) Functionalists overstate the importance of social class achievement gaps.
D) Functionalists gloss over the effects of racial-ethnic inequality.
E) Functionalists ignore rising college costs and student loan debt.

Question 31

According to functionalists, which of the following is a latent function of education?

A) It is good for business.
B) It is a source of knowledge.
C) It increases cultural integration.
D) It promotes cultural innovation.
E) It benefits taxpayers.

Question 32

Rebecca is a middle school student.In addition to emphasizing academic excellence, her school also stresses on the importance of conforming to school rules, dressing appropriately, and being respectful to all authority figures on campus.Which of the following terms best describes the nonacademic requirements of the school?

A) Streaming
B) Tracking
C) Credentialism
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy
E) Hidden curriculum

Question 33

Many symbolic interactionists maintain that tracking:

A) creates and reinforces inequality.
B) causes gender imbalance.
C) restricts mobility because of a hidden curriculum.
D) create social networks.
E) lessens social class achievement gaps.

Question 34

Mathew and Jane met during the first semester at college.They dated throughout the four years at college and eventually got married.This scenario illustrates the _____ function of education.

A) labeling
B) manifest
C) latent
D) tracking
E) obligatory

Question 35

_____ refers to the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications.

A) Streaming
B) Tracking
C) Credentialism
D) Meritocracy
E) Hidden curriculum

Question 36

Identify a true statement about the hidden curriculum at schools in low-income and working-class neighborhoods.

A) They only include reading, writing, and learning other skills.
B) They prepare students to work in bureaucracies that require deference to authority.
C) They encourage leadership, creativity, independence, and people skills.
D) They stress obedience, following directions, and punctuality.
E) They emphasize proper behavior and appearance, cooperation, and conforming to rules.

Question 37

Conflict theorists maintain that education:

A) leads to self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) creates and perpetuates social inequality.
C) provides people with an opportunity for upward mobility.
D) contributes to society's stability, solidarity, and well-being.
E) makes a big difference in lifetime earnings.

Question 38

Travis is a high school graduate.When he applied for a job at a fast food restaurant, the employers at the restaurant rejected his application saying that they were only hiring college graduates for the current vacancy.This scenario illustrates the process of _____.

A) streaming
B) grade inflation
C) credential inflation
D) meritocracy
E) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 39

According to a study by Bollag in 2007, in which of the following ways does credential inflation affect students from low-income families?

A) They are not imparted nonacademic knowledge.
B) They fall further behind.
C) They get easy access to a college education.
D) They obtain scholarships.
E) They become academically inclined.

Question 40

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the views of functionalists and conflict theorists on credentialism?

A) Functionalists maintain that credentialism gives rise to achievement gap, while conflict theorists contend that credentialism transmits nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs.
B) Functionalists maintain that for many positions, people succeed because of ability or other factors, while conflict theorists contend that credentialism stimulates upward social mobility.
C) Functionalists maintain that credentialism rewards people for their accomplishments, while conflict theorists contend that for many positions, people can gain skills on the job with a few weeks of training.
D) Functionalists maintain that credentialism does not account for efficiency, while conflict theorists contend that credentialism sorts out those who are the most qualified for jobs.
E) Functionalists maintain that credentialism restricts upward social mobility, while conflict theorists contend that credentialism offers a great sense of achievement.

Question 41

_____ is a process in which religion loses its social and cultural influence.

A)
Secularization
B) Rationalization
C) Tracking
D) Labeling
E) Social stratification

Question 42

Imogen is part of a group that rejects all conventional beliefs in society and religion.The group promotes vegetarianism, celibacy, and abstinence from drugs, alcohol, and technology.Their activities are aimed at preparation for the apocalypse and comprise of bizarre rituals.Which of the following terms best describes this group?

A) Consortium
B) Cult
C) Sect
D) Clique
E) Faction

Question 43

Max Weber described protestant ethic as:

A) a personal quest to feel connected to a reality greater than oneself.
B) a law or policy that professes profanity and bans particular faiths, prohibits conversions, or limits preaching.
C) a belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text and the integration of religious beliefs into secular life.
D) a belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, frugality, and economic success would lead to salvation in the afterlife.
E) anything that people see as awe-inspiring, supernatural, holy, and not part of the physical world.

Question 44

Which of the following is a criticism of the functionalists' perspective on religion?

A) It implies that religion is indispensable to leading a good life.
B) It ignores religion's role in challenging homophobia and uniting people.
C) It attaches too much credence to Marx's concept of false consciousness.
D) It overlooks the progress and variation of women's leadership in organized religion.
E) It focuses on micro-level behavior of religion and ignores social inequality at the macro level.

Question 45

In which of the following ways does religion promote social control?

A)
Many religious organizations help the poor and sick.
B) Religion helps people cope with daily struggles for survival.
C) Many religious people try to follow societal rules for fear of punishment in the afterlife.
D) Communal worship and rituals increase social contacts and develop a sense of identity.
E) Religion provides meaning in life and offers hope for the future.

Question 46

In the context of higher education, which of the following statements best describes affirmative action?

A) It refers to the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications.
B) It refers to school practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs.
C) It refers to a system that rewards people because of their individual accomplishments.
D) It refers to the process of assigning students to specific educational programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability.
E) It refers to admission policies that provide equal access for groups, particularly women and minorities that have been historically excluded or underrepresented.

Question 47

_____ is defined as an acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression.

A) Evangelism
B) Protestant ethic
C) False consciousness
D) Civil religion
E) Fundamentalism

Question 48

Which of the following is a reason for the presence of grade inflation in many colleges and universities?

A) It increases the chances of students' challenging a grade.
B) It increases the credibility of colleges and universities.
C) It reduces the chances of students' cheating in an exam.
D) It decreases student complaints.
E) It increases student attrition.

Question 49

Which of the following statements best defines religion?

A) It is an acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression.
B) It is anything that people see as awe-inspiring, supernatural, holy, and not part of the natural world.
C) It is a social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices related to the supernatural.
D) It is a large established group that has strong ties to mainstream society.
E) It refers to a group that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society.

Question 50

According to functionalists, in which of the following ways does society benefit from religion?

A) Religion decreases gender discrimination and inequality.
B) Religion provides equal access for all groups.
C) Religion rewards people because of their individual accomplishments.
D) Religion promotes tolerance toward minorities.
E) Religion provides meaning in life and offers hope for the future.

Question 51

Which of the following statements best describes a church?

A) It is a religious group that has broken away from an established religion.
B) It is anything that people see as awe-inspiring, supernatural, holy, and not part of the natural world.
C) It is a subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group.
D) It is a religious group that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society.
E) It is a large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society.

Question 52

Leah is a teacher at a public school.She teaches her students that God created humans in their present form about 10,000 years ago.Which of the following beliefs does Leah follow?

A) Credentialism
B) Religiosity
C) Meritocracy
D) Secularism
E) Fundamentalism

Question 53

Stanley is the founder of a new religious movement (NRM).His followers believe that he is the reincarnation of a Christian prophet, and they have devoted their lives to him.He is viewed as a supernatural being who serves as a mediator between them and God.Which of the following terms can be used to describe Stanley?

A) A charismatic leader
B) A transactional leader
C) A permanent deacon
D) An authoritarian leader
E) A secular leader

Question 54

The term _____ refers to the ordinary and everyday elements of life that aren't related to religion.

A) sacred
B) profane
C) denomination
D) fundamentalism
E) meritocracy

Question 55

_____ is the belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text.

A)
Credentialism
B) Religiosity
C) Meritocracy
D) Secularism
E) Fundamentalism

Question 56

In the context of social class, which of the following statements is true of religion?

A) People with higher educational levels are more religious than those with less education.
B) As education increases, the importance of religion generally decreases.
C) As income increases, the importance of religion also increases.
D) People with less education are generally nonreligious.
E) Education and religion are not correlated.

Question 57

Jay belongs to a Hindu subgroup that was formed recently.The subgroup acknowledges the presence of other religious groups and agrees that other groups also possess the truth.The religious subgroup that Jay belongs to can be classified as a _____ of Hinduism.

A) cult
B) sect
C) denomination
D) symbol
E) faction

Question 58

Which of the following best illustrates civil religion?

A) George breaking away from the Catholic Church to form his own sect
B) Zach taking a solemn oath before providing a testimony in court
C) Jessica teaching creationism in her science class
D) Edward permitting students to leave classes for religious instruction
E) John committing violent crimes against religious minorities

Question 59

A _____ is a subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group.

A) cult
B) sect
C) denomination
D) church
E) clique

Question 60

Tracking often leads to:

A) meritocracy.
B) cultural innovation.
C) socialization.
D) labeling.
E) credentialism.

Question 61

Critically evaluate the symbolic interactionists' perspective on religion.

Question 62

In the context of the American population, discuss how age impacts the religious beliefs of people.

Question 63

Describe two manifest functions and two latent functions of education.

Question 64

A criticism of the symbolic interactionists is that they:

A) view religion as an opiate to people.
B) attach too much credence to Marx's concept of false consciousness.
C) ignore the positive effect of religion on physical and emotional health.
D) overlook the ways that religion promotes social inequality at the macro level.
E) believe that religion is indispensable to leading a good life.

Question 65

How do symbolic interactionists view religion?
Symbolic interactionists see religion as a tool that dominant groups use to control society.

A) For symbolic interactionists, religion promotes and reinforces social inequality.
B) For symbolic interactionists, religion is not innate but socially constructed.
C) Symbolic interactionists recognize that religion can be dysfunctional when it harms individuals.
D) Symbolic interactionists see religion as a tool that dominant groups use to control society.
E) Symbolic interactionists imply that religion is indispensable to leading a good life.

Question 66

Discuss the dysfunctional aspects of religion according to the functionalists' perspective.Support your answer with examples from U.S.history.

Question 67

In the context of religion, which of the following is a criticism of feminist scholars?

A)
Many feminist scholars view religion as an opiate to people.
B) Feminist scholars imply that religion is indispensable to leading a good life.
C) The progress of women in organized religion is overemphasized by many feminist scholars.
D) Feminist scholars attach too much credence to Marx's concept of false consciousness.
E) Religious women are not as oppressed as many feminist scholars claim.

Question 68

Discuss the characteristics of a church.

Question 69

Conflict theorists believe that religion:

A) often justifies violence and promotes social inequality.
B) is not innate, but socially constructed.
C) is often sexist and patriarchal.
D) is the most common means of learning.
E) provides meaning in life and offers hope for the future.

Question 70

Discuss the issues faced in postsecondary educational institutions.

Question 71

Discuss the feminist perspective on religion.Support your answer with examples.

Question 72

How do religion, religiosity, and spirituality differ from each other?

Question 73

Discuss the various factors which indicate that religion is flourishing in the U.S.

Question 74

Define tracking.What are the consequences of tracking?

Question 75

Based on the symbolic interactionists' perspective, identify the most common means of learning and internalizing religion.

Question 76

Critically evaluate the conflict theorists' views on education.

Question 77

Feminist theorists agree with conflict theorists that religion:

A)
Can promote social change.
B) offers hope for the future.
C) can foster violence and inequality.
D) is innate, not socially constructed.
E) provides meaning in life.

Question 78

Illustrate the differences between teachers in the United States and other developed nations.

Question 79

How does education create and perpetuate social inequality? Support your answer with examples.

Question 80

Identify the reasons for grade inflation.Briefly discuss the consequences of grade inflation and cheating.