Deck 5: The Self

Question 1

A mismatching of self-perceptions is termed

A) ideal self.
B) self-discrepancy.
C) self-complexity.
D) self-awareness.

Answer 1

self-discrepancy.

Question 2

People who survived the New Orleans flood in 2005 were better able to adjust psychologically if they

A) did not think about the future.
B) envisioned a variety of positive selves.
C) received more money from FEMA.
D) envisioned a future that could be worse.

Answer 2

envisioned a variety of positive selves.

Question 3

Matt is slightly overweight and out of shape but would like to be lean and athletic. His most probable emotional reaction to this type of self-discrepancy would be

A) anger.
B) irritability.
C) guilt.
D) dejection.

Answer 3

dejection.

Question 4

According to your textbook, people are motivated to maintain a(n) ____ view of the self.

A) accurate
B) positive
C) creative
D) consistent

Question 5

The self-schema that you use to process information relevant to your self-concept depends heavily on

A) your potential.
B) your personality.
C) your age.
D) your situation.

Question 6

Hazel Markus uses the term ____ selves to refer to one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future.

A) possible
B) timeless
C) potential
D) expected

Question 7

As actual-ideal discrepancies outnumber actual-ideal congruencies, cheerfulness decreases and

A) sadness increases.
B) sadness decreases.
C) anxiety increases.
D) anxiety decreases.

Question 8

Self-guide preferences appear to be rooted in

A) parent-child interactions and individual's temperament.
B) culture and parenting style.
C) individual's self-esteem and self-concept.
D) individual's intelligence and self-observation.

Question 9

If you are feeling anxious because you know that you should have visited your sick great aunt in the convalescent home over the holidays, you are experiencing a discrepancy between your actual self and your ____ self.

A) unrealistic
B) possible
C) ought
D) working

Question 10

Which of the following is not a coping technique used to deal with self-discrepancies?

A) consuming alcohol
B) being more optimistic about your actual abilities
C) avoiding situations that increase self-awareness
D) changing behaviors to be more in line with personal standards

Question 11

According to

A) dejection
B) agitation
C) apprehension
D) ambivalence
E) Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?

Question 12

The self-concept that you have in mind at a given time is referred to as a ____ self-concept.

A) recent
B) working
C) public
D) possible

Question 13

Which of the following factors is not important in determining how likely it is that a self-discrepancy will damage a person's self-esteem?

A) a person's awareness of the discrepancy
B) how important the discrepancy is to a person
C) the discrepancies even when the person is unaware of them
D) the amount of discrepancy the person experiences

Question 14

An organized set of beliefs about one's personal qualities and typical behavior constitute one's

A) self-ideal.
B) public self.
C) self-concept.
D) self-actualization.

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the factors that help shape our vision of our possible selves?

A) past experiences
B) biology
C) current behavior
D) future expectations

Question 16

A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but who, in fact, lies frequently is manifesting her

A) self-concept.
B) self-conflict.
C) self-discrepancy.
D) self-ambivalence.

Question 17

According to

A) unrealistic
B) actual
C) ideal
D) ought
E) Tory Higgins, which of the following is not one of the three types of self-perceptions that people have?

Question 18

Some researchers believe that self-concept is most likely to change when a person

A) reaches puberty.
B) moves to a new city.
C) has his or her first sexual encounter.
D) is faced with an approach-approach conflict.

Question 19

Sarah knows that she should be studying hard for the LSATs if she wants to attend law school. Her most probable emotional reaction to this type of self-discrepancy would be

A) anxiety.
B) irritability.
C) rage.
D) dissatisfaction.

Question 20

Another term for self-concept is

A) self-ideal.
B) public self.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-schema.

Question 21

Your friend Tyra has decided to postpone starting business school for two years in order to help her family operate their small hardware store during her dad's illness. She is exhibiting a characteristic behavior of persons from a(n) ____ culture

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) behavioristic
D) humanistic

Question 22

Taking tennis lessons in response to a self-discrepancy in the area of athleticism is an example of a coping technique called

A) improving self-awareness.
B) blunting self-awareness.
C) expanding the possible self.
D) changing one's behavior.

Question 23

Research has shown that children's self-perceptions are more strongly related to their ____ than to their parents' attitudes toward them.

A) friends' attitudes toward them
B) siblings' attitudes toward them
C) perceptions of their physical appearance
D) perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward them

Question 24

"Look out for number one" is an attitude that is most likely associated with an individual

A) from an individualistic culture.
B) with an interdependent view.
C) with a shared sense of responsibility.
D) from a collectivistic culture.

Question 25

People from a collectivistic culture are less likely than those from individualistic cultures to have which of the following traits?

A) an interdependent view of self
B) adjust themselves to needs of the group
C) strive for self-satisfaction
D) sense of shared responsibility

Question 26

The most likely reference group for a first year medical student would be

A) first year medical students.
B) medical interns.
C) first year medical residents.
D) newly board-certified doctors in the specialty that interests that student.

Question 27

Individuals' early self-concept is ____ by the feedback they get from their parents.

A) shaped more by friends than
B) shaped significantly
C) unaffected
D) affected less by perceptions than

Question 28

Jim is a freshman pledge who is seeking admission this fall to a prestigious and exclusive fraternity on his campus. His reference group(s) during this time most likely include(s)

A) other freshmen only
B) other freshmen and other pledges only
C) other pledges and the fraternity brothers only
D) other freshmen, other pledges, and the fraternity brothers

Question 29

Substance use in response to feelings of self-discrepancy is an example of a type of coping technique known as

A) social comparison.
B) blunting self-awareness.
C) changing one's behavior.
D) expanding the possible self.

Question 30

There is evidence that a close partner's support and affirmation can bring the loved one's actual self-views and behavior more in line with his/her ideal self. Researchers refer to this as the

A) Michelangelo phenomenon.
B) stage-manage phenomenon.
C) significant-construct experience.
D) exceptional person experience.

Question 31

People may distort their self-concepts

A) in negative directions only.
B) in positive directions only.
C) in both positive and negative directions.
D) people usually don't distort their own self-concepts.

Question 32

Which of the following researchers proposed social comparison theory?

A) Albert Bandura
B) E. Tory Higgins
C) Leon Festinger
D) Martin Seligman

Question 33

Individuals reared in individualistic cultures are less likely than individuals from collectivist cultures to perceive themselves as

A) unique.
B) self-contained.
C) distinct from others.
D) interdependent.

Question 34

____ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.

A) Individualism
B) Behaviorism
C) Collectivism
D) Humanism

Question 35

According to social comparison theory, we tend to compare ourselves with a reference group comprised of people whom we perceive as

A) better than us.
B) inferior to us.
C) similar to us.
D) Any of these may apply depending on the situations.

Question 36

Research suggests that increases in a culture's affluence and social mobility tend to be accompanied by increases in

A) collectivism.
B) individualism.
C) stereotyping.
D) obedience.

Question 37

The term "reference group" refers to

A) your library study partners.
B) behavioral qualities of your ideal self.
C) a set of people against whom you compare yourself.
D) the group to which your ideal self might belong.

Question 38

Social context affects self-concept in all of the following ways except

A) less self-conscious in some situations
B) how people think and feel about others
C) a situation can indirectly affect self-concept
D) only aspects of self that are central to who you are will be affected

Question 39

Mainstream American culture would most accurately be described as

A) Collectivist.
B) Humanist.
C) Individualistic.
D) Behaviorist.

Question 40

Which of the following is the best description of the way that men and women tend to get their social needs met?

A) Both men and women display relational interdependence.
B) Both men and women display collective interdependence.
C) Men are more likely to display collective interdependence and women are more likely to display relational interdependence.
D) Women are more likely to display collective interdependence and men are more likely to display relational interdependence.

Question 41

Which of the following is not consistent with empirical data?

A) Self-esteem is strongly related to happiness.
B) High self-esteem has not been shown to be a reliable cause of improvement in academic performance.
C) Self-esteem does not appear to be related to how quickly love relationships end.
D) Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

Question 42

Which of the following is most consistent with the research data?

A) Self-esteem of whites is higher than that of blacks.
B) White females have higher self-esteem than white males.
C) Minority females have lower self-esteem than minority males.
D) Blacks have higher self-esteem than Asians.

Question 43

Research done by numerous investigators suggests that for individuals with similar talents ____ plays a critical role in the development of self-esteem.

A) cultural norms
B) sibling assessment
C) self-assessment
D) social comparison

Question 44

Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem is

A) an objective measure of one's worth and competence.
B) a subjective measure of one's interpersonal popularity and success.
C) an unstable measure of one's worth and accomplishments.
D) a stable measure of one's strengths and weaknesses.

Question 45

Which of the following best describes the correlation of parenting style with self-esteem from highest to lowest?

A) authoritarian > permissive > authoritative > neglectful
B) authoritative > authoritarian > permissive > neglectful
C) permissive > authoritative > neglectful > authoritarian
D) authoritative > permissive > neglectful > authoritarian

Question 46

The self-views of those who appear to have low self-esteem are ____ than those of people with high self-esteem.

A) more confused
B) more negative
C) less accurate
D) less culturally based

Question 47

Which of the following is likely to be the most influential determinant of self-esteem for college age individuals?

A) views of peers
B) parental feedback
C) stereotypes presented in the media
D) comparisons to national statistics for one's age group

Question 48

Investigation of self-esteem is hampered by the fact that it is difficult to

A) find an assessment instrument.
B) sort out cause and effect.
C) find enough people with low self-esteem.
D) find links between behaviors and self-esteem.

Question 49

According to Baumrind's parental classification system, authoritative parents display

A) high acceptance and high control.
B) high acceptance and low control.
C) low acceptance and low control.
D) low acceptance and high control.

Question 50

Affectionate, accepting, involved, and democratic parents may well produce offspring who tend to be

A) high in self-esteem.
B) sensation seekers.
C) high self-monitors.
D) emotionally dependent.

Question 51

All but which of the following must be kept in mind when one interprets the results of research on self-esteem?

A) Studies are primarily correlational.
B) One cannot draw causal conclusions regarding self-esteem based thousands of correlational studies.
C) Self-esteem measures are general self-reports.
D) People may lie or hold unrealistic views of self.

Question 52

Which of the following is not true of research on self-esteem?

A) Most of the data are correlational.
B) Self-esteem may be both a cause and an effect.
C) Information is usually derived from self-reports.
D) Self-esteem measures are accurate.

Question 53

____ is a sense of grandiose self-importance.

A) Self-esteem
B) Narcissism
C) Individualism
D) Self-efficacy

Question 54

Maccoby and Martin's research suggests that parental ____ and ____ are major determinants of a child's self esteem.

A) income; employment
B) health; happiness
C) narcissism; self-esteem
D) acceptance; control

Question 55

Ted's mother wears a t-shirt that says "Because I'm your mom, that's why!" She is usually critical of her son and his friends, and only rarely allows him to give his opinion in family decision-making. Ted's mom is exhibiting the traits associated with the ____ parenting style.

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) neglectful

Question 56

Which of the following is not true of self-esteem according to the research?

A) Self-esteem is generally stable over time.
B) People vary in the degree to which they experience self-esteem as stable.
C) Self-esteem may fluctuate in the short term in response to situational factors.
D) All of these are true according to the research.

Question 57

Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to

A) work hard to counter the threat.
B) become aggressive or violent.
C) quit trying.
D) use indirect strategies to avoid the threat.

Question 58

Both low and high self-esteem may be maintained in part by the power of

A) expectations.
B) cultural norms.
C) individualism.
D) repression.

Question 59

Research on narcissism may have practical use for professionals who are trying to rehabilitate

A) those who engage in domestic violence.
B) drug addicts.
C) women with eating disorders.
D) college professors.

Question 60

People assess personal worth through

A) authentic self.
B) public self.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-ideal.

Question 61

Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to ____ factors.

A) situational
B) personal
C) interpersonal
D) environmental

Question 62

Which of the following theorists was the first to suggest that people tend to attribute behavior to either internal or external causes?

A) Fritz Heider
B) Albert Bandura
C) Erik Erikson
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 63

____ are the inferences that people make about what causes their behavior.

A) Automatic processes
B) Controlled processes
C) Self-attributions
D) Explanatory styles

Question 64

The largest gender differences in self-esteem have been found for

A) 10-12 year olds.
B) 15-18 year olds.
C) 20-25 year olds.
D) 25-29 year olds.

Question 65

Research suggests that people who attribute their failures to internal causes while discounting external causes may be more prone to ____ than people who display opposite tendencies.

A) shyness
B) depression
C) cognitive dissonance
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 66

The tendency to use similar causal explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as

A) self-attribution.
B) explanatory style.
C) self-categorization.
D) homogeneity of attribution.

Question 67

Driving a car to work in normal conditions of traffic is an example of a cognitive task that is done mainly by

A) instinct
B) controlled processing
C) automatic processing
D) mindful processing

Question 68

The notion that people prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-views is called

A) self-enhancement.
B) self-verification.
C) self-serving bias.
D) downward social comparison.

Question 69

Advertisers of personal care products are tapping into the ____ motive.

A) self-enhancement
B) self-improvement
C) self-assessment
D) self-verification

Question 70

Illusions of control and the "better than average effect" are examples of

A) self-enhancement.
B) self-improvement.
C) self-assessment.
D) self-verification.

Question 71

Who of the following does not provide an illustration of self-enhancement?

A) Juan asserts that he has above average intelligence.
B) June prefers to be with partners who hold a similar view of her as she does of herself.
C) Jimmy picks his own lottery numbers.
D) Janey predicts that she will have below average problems in her future.

Question 72

In a series of studies that pitted self-assessment, self-verification, and self-enhancement against each other, the ____ motive was found to be the strongest.

A) assessment
B) verification
C) enhancement
D) None of these; they were found to be equally strong.

Question 73

People who attribute their setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors are exhibiting a(n) ____ explanatory style.

A) irrational
B) coherent
C) pessimistic
D) optimistic

Question 74

Research indicates that people with negative self-views preferred partners who viewed them

A) positively.
B) negatively.
C) realistically.
D) unrealistically.

Question 75

Which of the following would be considered an example of an internal-stable factor in attribution?

A) one's effort at the task
B) one's feelings about one's boss
C) one's health at the time of the task
D) one's ability for the task in question

Question 76

Lisa thinks that the reason she didn't get the job was that the interviewer was prejudiced against people from the Midwest. This is an example of

A) pessimistic explanatory style.
B) optimistic explanatory style.
C) lack of explanatory style.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 77

People who tend to attribute their setbacks to external, unstable, specific factors are exhibiting

A) an optimistic explanatory style.
B) a pessimistic attributional style.
C) poor self-image and low self-esteem.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 78

____ helps to explain the ability to pick out our name in a room full of chattering people.

A) Selective attention
B) Automatic processing
C) Mindfulness
D) Narrow attention

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of an external-unstable factor in attribution?

A) bad luck
B) one's self-esteem
C) lack of ability
D) the nature of the task

Question 80

All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process except

A) internal versus external.
B) automatic versus controlled.
C) stable versus unstable.
D) controllable versus uncontrollable.