Deck 11: Development in Adolescence and Adulthood

Question 1

For Erikson, the search for identity is a(n)

A) experience that occurs when no role model is present.
B) normal developmental process.
C) unlikely to occur in the normal person.
D) failed attempt at identity development.

Answer 1

normal developmental process.

Question 2

Which of the researchers is best known for his work on the development of identity?

A) Carl Jung
B) Erik Erikson
C) Alfred Adler
D) Albert Ellis

Answer 2

Erik Erikson

Question 3

In early adolescence, major changes take place in thinking and problem solving for whom?

A) females
B) males
C) males and females
D) Major changes do not take place until middle adolescence.

Answer 3

males and females

Question 4

Kelso, 17 years old, is constantly doing activities like climbing mountains and riding a motorcycle without a helmet. Kelso probably

A) knows the risks.
B) does not know the risks.
C) can't abstractly consider the consequences.
D) none of these.

Question 5

Erikson saw ____ as the most crucial period for identity development.

A) early childhood
B) adolescence
C) early adulthood
D) middle age

Question 6

Girls who mature ____ and boys who mature ____ seem to feel particularly anxious and self-conscious about their changing bodies.

A) early; early
B) early; late
C) late; early
D) late; late

Question 7

Spermarchy is

A) when the testes gain the ability to produce sperm.
B) when females are first capable of being inseminated.
C) the first ejaculation.
D) a nocturnal emission.

Question 8

Lizzy is beginning to develop breasts and grow pubic hair. She is most likely in which stage?

A) middle childhood
B) pubescence
C) adolescence
D) teenescence

Question 9

The structures necessary for reproduction, which are developed fully during puberty, are called

A) gonads.
B) master glands.
C) primary sex characteristics.
D) secondary sex characteristics.

Question 10

Erikson believed an "identity crisis" occurs during

A) pubescence.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) middle adulthood.

Question 11

Which of the following groups is likely to have the easiest time dealing with puberty?

A) girls who mature late
B) girls who mature early
C) boys who mature late
D) boys who mature early

Question 12

Which of the following statements about puberty is accurate?

A) In girls, it officially ends with menarche.
B) It ends by age 11 in both boys and girls.
C) It arrives about the same time in boys and girls.
D) It arrives about two years later in boys than in girls.

Question 13

Pubescence is a term used to describe the

A) onset of adolescence.
B) two-year span preceding puberty.
C) first occurrence of menstruation in girls.
D) two-year span immediately following puberty.

Question 14

____ refers to a relatively clear and stable sense of who you are in the larger society.

A) Self-image
B) Identity
C) Self-concept
D) Authentic self

Question 15

Puberty is the stage during which ____ develop fully.

A) master glands
B) gender stereotypes
C) primary sex characteristics
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 16

Which of the following would not be considered a secondary sex characteristic?

A) appearance of pubic hair
B) sperm production in males
C) deepened voice in males
D) breast development in females

Question 17

Which of the following constitutes an index of sexual maturity in males?

A) deepening of the voice
B) the appearance of facial hair
C) the capacity to ejaculate sperm
D) an increase in height and weight

Question 18

The onset of puberty in females is signalled by

A) menarche.
B) breast development.
C) presence of pubic hair.
D) widening of pelvic bones.

Question 19

Secondary sex characteristics include all but which of the following?

A) facial hair in males
B) voice changes in males
C) breast growth in females
D) maturation of reproductive structures

Question 20

Compared to those who are younger, adolescents can think

A) abstractly.
B) concretely.
C) egotistically.
D) empathetically.

Question 21

In early adulthood, the psychosocial crisis centers on establishing close personal relationships with others. This stage is known as

A) identity vs. diffusion.
B) integrity vs. despair.
C) intimacy vs. isolation.
D) generativity vs. stagnation.

Question 22

You are talking to the parents of a 12-year-old. Based on research cited in your textbook, which of the following is the most accurate statement you can make to them?

A) Adolescence tends to be marked by change and upheaval.
B) Adolescence is the single most turbulent period in the life span.
C) The number of adolescents with serious problems is fairly large.
D) The majority of adolescents have difficulty coping with the transition to adulthood.

Question 23

Rachel says she is studying to be an accountant because her dad is an accountant. Her identity status is most likely to be

A) moratorium.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity achievement.
D) identity foreclosure.

Question 24

According to Marcia, the two factors of ____ and ____ combine in various ways to produce four different identity statuses.

A) parental influence; peer influence
B) genetics; environment
C) crisis; commitment
D) personality; life circumstances

Question 25

Evidence supports that a majority of teenagers make it through adolescence

A) without any difficulties.
B) with an appreciation for the efforts of their parents.
C) with fairly severe emotional scars as a result of parent-adolescent conflict.
D) with only little more turmoil than one is likely to encounter in other life stages.

Question 26

According to Erik Erikson, the primary challenge of adolescence is developing

A) a clear sense of identity.
B) a relationship of tolerance for one's parents.
C) an understanding of one's career aspirations.
D) a close social relationship with a member of the other gender.

Question 27

Sixteen-year-old Bill wants to spend a few years experimenting with different lifestyles and careers before he settles on who and what he wants to be. Bill is in the identity status known as

A) foreclosure.
B) moratorium.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity achievement.

Question 28

Kimme is likely to recognize her sexual orientation around ____ years old

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 29

Homosexuals typically recognize their sexual orientation ____ heterosexuals.

A) earlier than
B) around the same time as
C) later than
D) after an average of 1.7 failed marriages

Question 30

____ is a person's notion of a developmental schedule that specifies what he or she should have accomplished by certain points in life.

A) The social clock
B) An identity status
C) A social agenda
D) Psychosocial stage

Question 31

____ percent of homosexual youth have attempted suicide as compared to ____ percent of heterosexual youth?

A) 13; 13
B) 33; 33
C) 13; 33
D) 33; 13

Question 32

A person in the identity status called "identity diffusion"

A) is likely to engage in identity "experiments".
B) has adopted the commitments of others.
C) has passed through an identity crisis and can make a commitment.
D) may experience much self-doubt and cannot commit to an identity.

Question 33

An individual who is concerned with opening up to others and committing to others is probably in which of the following psychosocial stages?

A) identity vs. diffusion
B) integrity vs. despair
C) intimacy vs. isolation
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 34

The adolescent who has arrived at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities is in the identity phase called

A) foreclosure.
B) moratorium.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity achievement.

Question 35

Which of the following is not considered a stage of adult development in Erikson's theory?

A) autonomy vs. doubt
B) intimacy vs. isolation
C) generativity vs. stagnation
D) actualization vs. confusion

Question 36

An identity crisis usually results in

A) a period of moratorium or recovery.
B) disillusionment about one's self-concept.
C) reluctance to continue the search for identity.
D) commitment to career and personal value system.

Question 37

Which of the following contributes to the intensity of the struggle that many people experience during adolescence?

A) the pressure to contemplate occupational choices
B) the changes in cognitive abilities that promote self-reflection
C) the rapid physical changes that stimulate thoughts about self-image
D) all of these

Question 38

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent suicide is accurate?

A) The suicide rate for adolescents has increased dramatically since 1960.
B) The ratio of attempted to completed suicides among adolescents is about 5 to 1.
C) The suicide rate for the 15-24 age group is higher than that for any older age group.
D) All of these statements are accurate.

Question 39

Harry has gone to college off and on for the past several years, dropping out and working at odd jobs for a semester at a time. He is probably employing which pattern of identity formation?

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) identity diffusion
D) identity achievement

Question 40

Fifteen-year-old Marta has had a relatively smooth adolescent period and, at the urging of her parents, has already decided on a college and a career. If Marta is simply playing a passive role in carrying out her parents' wishes, she is probably in which of the following identity statuses?

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) identity diffusion
D) identity postponement

Question 41

Scott recently began a career-oriented full-time job. He and his wife are planning a second child. Scott is working on the two developmental tasks of

A) adolescence.
B) early adulthood.
C) maturity.
D) middle adulthood.

Question 42

According to Erikson, the ability to establish and maintain intimate relationships depends on

A) having effective parental role models.
B) finding an appropriate opposite sex partner.
C) successfully weathering the identity crises of adolescence.
D) resolving the conflict between generativity and stagnation.

Question 43

Research findings indicate that attractiveness ratings decline in age when the subject is a woman, but not when the subject is a man. These findings provide support for the notion of

A) ageism.
B) menopausal crisis.
C) egocentrism.
D) a "double standard" of aging.

Question 44

According to Erikson, the adult who provides unselfish guidance to younger people because of concern about the welfare of future generations has successfully resolved the crisis of

A) integrity vs. despair.
B) intimacy vs. isolation.
C) industry vs. inferiority.
D) generativity vs. stagnation.

Question 45

Ralph is 75 years old, lives in a nursing home, and is bitter. He looks back on his life with regret about mistakes and missed opportunities. He expects to die soon. Ralph has not resolved the psychosocial crisis of

A) integrity vs. despair.
B) intimacy vs. isolation.
C) industry vs. inferiority.
D) generativity vs. stagnation.

Question 46

Linda is a 50-year-old college professor who spends a great deal of her time advising students about career options. Linda is probably in which of the following stages?

A) integrity vs. despair
B) identity vs. diffusion
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding the midlife crisis is accurate?

A) The midlife crisis is not universal, and it probably isn't even typical.
B) Both men and women tend to go through some form of midlife crisis.
C) Most men go through a midlife crisis, but only a small minority of women do.
D) The midlife crisis is occurring at an earlier age today than it did in previous generations.

Question 48

Fred, 72 years old and recently retired, is likely to depend on ____ for his social support network.

A) family members
B) friends
C) parents
D) none of these

Question 49

According to Erikson, the intimacy vs. isolation stage of psychosocial development focuses on all but which of the following?

A) truly commit to others
B) learning to open up to others
C) need to find a marriage partner
D) ability to give of oneself unselfishly

Question 50

The elderly have ____ friends and they are ____ satisfied with them than younger people.

A) less; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 51

For elderly African Americans, certain neighbours or peers acquire the status of a close family member and render mutual aid and support. These relationships are based on the concept of

A) ritual kin.
B) shared attribution.
C) the double standard.
D) fundamental attribution.

Question 52

From about age 30 to the mid-60s, most people

A) see no change in visual acuity.
B) become increasingly farsighted.
C) become increasingly nearsighted.
D) have a difficult time changing focus.

Question 53

Men and women who are capable of forming open and close relationships with both male and female friends would be classified as belonging to which of the following intimacy statuses?

A) intimate
B) preintimate
C) stereotyped
D) pseudointimate

Question 54

According to Erikson, middle-aged adults face which of these crises?

A) identity vs. diffusion
B) integrity vs. despair
C) intimacy vs. isolation
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 55

Middle-aged workers who earn more money and wield more influence than their younger co-workers are likely to be following which of the following patterns?

A) stable career
B) changing careers
C) stereotyped career
D) transitional career

Question 56

Carmello recently returned to live with his parents because of a divorce. The impact on ____ is likely to be ____.

A) his career; slightly positive
B) his career; strongly negative
C) his relationship with his parents; strongly positive
D) his relationship with his parents; slightly negative

Question 57

Transitions in the parenting role during middle adulthood typically include all but which of the following?

A) "emptying of the nest"
B) learning the grandparent role
C) strained parent/adolescent relationships
D) learning how to cope with blended families

Question 58

Chief among the challenges of middle adulthood is

A) facing the inevitable midlife crisis.
B) establishing a stable career pattern.
C) coming to terms with the aging process.
D) dealing with the declining influence over one's children.

Question 59

Parents overwhelmingly rate ____ as the most difficult stage of child-rearing.

A) infancy
B) preschool
C) pubescence
D) adolescence

Question 60

Men and women who have relationships that are manipulative and superficial would be classified as belonging to which of the following intimacy statuses?

A) intimate
B) preintimate
C) stereotyped
D) pseudointimate

Question 61

Individual cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information are called

A) axons.
B) neurons.
C) dendrites.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 62

Which of the following groups of older Americans is likely to have the most health problems?

A) Whites
B) Hispanics
C) Native Americans
D) African Americans

Question 63

The idea that older people have vivid memories of events in the distant past

A) is not supported by evidence.
B) has not been examined empirically.
C) has been consistently supported by research.
D) has been supported for some cultures, but not for others.

Question 64

In our culture, the most common strategy for dealing with death is

A) avoidance.
B) bargaining.
C) celebration.
D) preoccupation.

Question 65

Which of the following personality traits is most likely to change as women grow older?

A) increased independence
B) decreased confidence
C) increased instability
D) decreased dominance

Question 66

What is the probable reason for decreased sexual activity among older people?

A) physical incapability of engaging in sex
B) age-related changes in hormone levels
C) social norms that sex in the elderly is "inappropriate"
D) prevalence of physical illnesses that preclude sexual relations

Question 67

As neurons die, the brain decreases in both weight and volume, especially after age 50. According to your text, this process

A) is a normal part of the aging process.
B) has been found to be associated with senility.
C) appears to contribute to age-related dementia.
D) inevitably results in the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 68

Which of the following declines somewhat over the adult years?

A) success in problem solving when time is limited
B) speed in retrieving memories
C) ability to filter out irrelevant stimuli
D) all of these

Question 69

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is not accurate?

A) It is often difficult to detect the beginnings of the disease.
B) Although the causes are well known, there is not yet a cure.
C) It can strike during middle age (40-65), or later in life (after 65).
D) The disease is one of progressive deterioration, ending in death.

Question 70

The significant endocrine changes that occur in older men

A) are the basis for the loss of interest in sex.
B) occur rapidly, beginning around the age of 65.
C) frequently result in the onset of mood disorders, such as depression.
D) are gradual and are largely unrelated to physical or psychological distress.

Question 71

____ is the correct term for an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment.

A) Senility
B) Dementia
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 72

All but which of the following are typical feelings at menopause?

A) emotional strain
B) liberation from menstrual periods
C) liberation from childbearing
D) liberation from birth control

Question 73

Which of the following is a common visual problem in older people?

A) reduced peripheral vision
B) poor recovery from glare
C) difficulty adapting to darkness
D) all of these

Question 74

Research on lifelong patterns of productivity indicates that

A) productivity is often stable into the 70s.
B) masterpieces are just as likely to occur at any age.
C) in most professions, the 40s decade is most productive.
D) all of these.

Question 75

Which of the following is thought to be a cause of dementia?

A) AIDS
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) all of these

Question 76

The collection of rituals and procedures used by a culture to handle death is called

A) bereavement.
B) a death system.
C) the stages of dying.
D) the grieving process.

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding personality changes in adulthood is accurate?

A) There is evidence for long-term stability in personality.
B) Personality is characterized by both stability and change.
C) There is evidence that substantial personality changes occur throughout life.
D) All of these are accurate.

Question 78

Successful aging is positively correlated with

A) optimism.
B) regular exercise.
C) eating foods such as tomatoes and watermelon.
D) all of these.

Question 79

Negativism and avoidance as strategies for dealing with death

A) appear to be universal attitudes.
B) are not found in all cultures' death systems.
C) are inconsistent with our culture's attitudes.
D) lead to viewing death as a natural transition.

Question 80

Conflicting evidence on the stability of personality is best explained by the likelihood that

A) personality measures are ambiguous.
B) current theories of personality are deficient.
C) some personality traits are more consistent than others.
D) most of the research on personality has been seriously flawed.