Deck 10: Gender and Behavior

Question 1

As a child, Pat started speaking early and had a large vocabulary. It is likely that Pat is

A) female.
B) male.
C) better than normal at math.
D) an only child.

Answer 1

female.

Question 2

For which of the following has a clear and consistent gender difference never been found?

A) verbal ability
B) spatial ability
C) self-esteem
D) talkativeness in mixed-sex groups

Answer 2

self-esteem

Question 3

Casey and Caleb are a set of female/male twins. When tested for self-esteem they scored virtually the same. They are most likely

A) Caucasian and in the upper-class.
B) non-Caucasian and in the upper-class.
C) non-Caucasian and in a lower-class.
D) Caucasian and in a lower-class.

Answer 3

non-Caucasian and in the upper-class.

Question 4

____ are widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personality traits, and social behavior.

A) Gender roles
B) Gender differences
C) Sexual orientations
D) Gender stereotypes

Question 5

The androcentric bias in gender stereotypes refers to

A) the fact that a greater number of traits are attributed to men than to women.
B) the fact that a greater number of traits are attributed to women than to men.
C) the belief that traits associated with males represent the norm.
D) the belief that traits associated with females represent the norm.

Question 6

It appears that boys engage in more ____ aggression and girls engage in more ____ aggression.

A) verbal; physical
B) physical; relational
C) physical; antisocial
D) relational; antisocial

Question 7

The fact that gender stereotypes view male behavior as normal reflects an ____ bias.

A) egocentric
B) ethnocentric
C) androcentric
D) androgynous

Question 8

An ____ orientation is an orientation toward emotion and relationships.

A) instructive
B) expressive
C) intrinsic
D) instrumental

Question 9

Research on gender differences in cognitive abilities indicates that there exists

A) a slight advantage for males due to larger brain size.
B) a slight advantage for females due to overall better physical health.
C) a male advantage on verbal skills and a female advantage on math skills.
D) no substantial differences in overall intelligence.

Question 10

A meta-analysis showed that males clearly outperform females in one type of spatial ability:

A) mental rotation.
B) body orientation.
C) spatial analogies.
D) cognitive mapping.

Question 11

A research technique used to evaluate the results of many studies on the same question is called a

A) meta-analysis.
B) factor analysis.
C) quasi-experiment.
D) correlational analysis.

Question 12

The gender similarities hypothesis is associated with all of the following except

A) overinflated claims of gender differences do not affect relationships.
B) overinflated claims of gender differences cause problems in the workplace.
C) most gender psychological differences are quite small.
D) critics think Hyde left out important variables in her meta-analysis.

Question 13

In gender research, the meta-analysis has allowed researchers to

A) obtain larger samples.
B) determine causal relationships.
C) better assess the size and consistency of gender differences.
D) examine perceptions of gender stereotypes.

Question 14

According to your text, which of the following terms refers to the state of being male or female?

A) sex
B) gender
C) gender identity
D) sexual orientation

Question 15

If Bruce is a stereotypical male, he will generally be ____.

A) instructive
B) expressive
C) intrinsic
D) instrumental

Question 16

An important point about gender stereotypes is that since the 1980s, they

A) have become more pronounced.
B) seem to have become less rigid.
C) have nearly reversed themselves.
D) have become more universal across cultures.

Question 17

The boundaries between how the typical male and the typical female are expected to behave is becoming

A) more defined.
B) non-existent.
C) stagnate.
D) more flexible.

Question 18

Jerry and Jane are 10-year-old twins. They have performed about the same in all school subjects up to the present time. It would be reasonably safe to predict that

A) Jerry has a higher IQ than Jane and will shortly begin to outperform Jane in all middle and high school subjects.
B) starting in high school, Jane will begin to outperform Jerry in all subjects that require intensive memorization.
C) Jane will fail miserably at any task involving spatial skills, starting in 10^th grade.
D) Jerry will outperform Jane slightly in mathematical problem-solving starting in high school.

Question 19

Which of the following is generally not considered an element of the traditional gender stereotype associated with masculinity?

A) ambitious
B) persistent
C) emotional
D) self-confident

Question 20

Research on gender differences in mathematical ability indicates that

A) girls are more precocious than boys in mathematics.
B) boys generally do better than girls on mathematical analogies.
C) girls outperform boys at the high end of the mathematical ability distribution.
D) boys outperform girls in mathematical problem-solving when they reach high school.

Question 21

Regarding overall incidence of mental disorders, men and women are ____; regarding the disorders men and women tend to develop, they're ____.

A) similar; different
B) different; similar
C) similar; also very similar
D) different; also very different

Question 22

Research suggests that the major emotional difference between men and women is

A) women are more emotional than men.
B) women are more expressive than men.
C) women don't get angry as easily as men.
D) men don't fall in love very often.

Question 23

Judy has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Which of the following disorders is she most likely to have?

A) alcoholism
B) depression
C) antisocial behavior
D) dissociative personality disorder

Question 24

"Gender differences are in the eye of the beholder" is a statement of the explanation for these differences put forth by

A) social role theorists.
B) social constructionists.
C) social learning theorists.
D) visual gender determinists.

Question 25

According to ____, the tendency to look for gender differences, as well as our specific beliefs about gender, are rooted in the "gendered" messages and conditioning that are common in our socialization experiences.

A) evolutionary psychology
B) social learning theory
C) social constructionism
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 26

Regarding gender differences in sexuality,

A) men are more interested in sex than women.
B) the connection of sex and intimacy is more important for women.
C) aggression is more often linked to sex for men.
D) all of these are true.

Question 27

Social role theory suggests that

A) we tend to explain role-related behaviors in term of situational factors.
B) we construct our own reality on the basis of our individual social experiences.
C) large gender differences in behavior tend to be downplayed by inconsistent social roles.
D) minor gender differences are exaggerated by the social roles men and women occupy.

Question 28

____ are more likely than ____ to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

A) Females; males
B) Males; females
C) Children; adults
D) None of these

Question 29

Females have a higher rate of ____ than males.

A) mood disorders
B) alcoholism
C) anti-social behavior
D) all of these

Question 30

Which of the following possible influences on gender differences in behavior is most likely to be emphasized by an evolutionary psychologist?

A) economic constraints
B) patterns of socialization
C) natural selection pressures
D) environmental pressures such as the media

Question 31

Regarding gender differences in sexuality, which is not true?

A) Men are more interested in sex than women.
B) The connection of sex an intimacy is more important for women.
C) Aggression more often linked to sex for men.
D) It is natural for a woman to not enjoy sex.

Question 32

The type of aggression shown in boys and girls

A) changes according to the culture.
B) does not change according to culture.
C) Girls are more physically aggressive in non-Western cultures.
D) Boys are more indirectly aggressive in non-Western cultures.

Question 33

One explanation for women's apparent tendency to speak more tentatively is that

A) women typically hold lower social status in most groups.
B) women are genetically inclined to be timid.
C) women in general are more easily manipulated than men.
D) women are biologically programmed to manipulate rather than demand.

Question 34

Which of the following researchers proposed social role theory?

A) Alice Eagly
B) Diane Halpern
C) Deborah Tannen
D) Janet Shibley Hyde

Question 35

The two major divisions of the largest portion of the brain are the

A) frontal lobes.
B) parietal lobes.
C) cerebral hemispheres.
D) verbal brain and the spatial brain.

Question 36

A young girl is more likely than a young boy to engage in which of the following behaviors?

A) hitting another child
B) pushing another child
C) threatening another child
D) spreading rumors about another child

Question 37

It appears that the left hemisphere is more actively involved in ____ and mathematical processing, while the right hemisphere is specialized to handle ____ processing.

A) nonverbal; verbal
B) verbal; visual-spatial
C) visual-spatial; verbal
D) nonverbal; visual-spatial

Question 38

To support their assertions, evolutionary psychologists look for gender differences

A) in spatial ability only.
B) that are consistent across cultures.
C) that are specific to particular cultures.
D) in behaviors that are consistent with gender stereotypes.

Question 39

Genuine, documented gender differences in behavior

A) tell us nothing about specific individuals.
B) tell us a great deal about specific individuals.
C) permit very accurate predictions about individuals.
D) permit only very general predictions about individuals.

Question 40

Dr. Pliocene believes that males are more aggressive in virtually all world cultures because aggressiveness has a partial genetic cause and leads to social dominance and greater access to material resources. Dr. Pliocene holds a(n) ____ view of gender differences.

A) social
B) clinical
C) evolutionary
D) physiological

Question 41

Research on females exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens suggests that

A) androgen is basically a "female hormone".
B) prenatal hormones may contribute to gender differences.
C) the female embryo is highly resistant to the effects of such hormones.
D) none of these.

Question 42

Which of the following has not been found in studies on hemispheric specialization?

A) Females tend to have a larger corpus callosum.
B) Males exhibit more cerebral specialization than females.
C) The cerebral cortex is more convoluted in males than in females.
D) The right and left hemispheres are specialized to handle different cognitive tasks.

Question 43

Gender bias in school is most likely to show up in which of the following?

A) teachers' behaviors
B) the books that are used
C) academic and career counseling
D) all of these

Question 44

Men seem to be experiencing a "masculinity-crisis" due to

A) females, not males, seem to be experiencing the crisis.
B) shifting male gender roles.
C) economic displacement.
D) female infringement on traditional male roles.

Question 45

All but which of the following has been shown to influence gender-role socialization?

A) observation
B) reinforcement
C) self-socialization
D) sexual motivation

Question 46

Which of the following is likely to be a typical reaction by a father to gender inappropriate behavior in his son?

A) ridicule
B) physical punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 47

Claudia has been diagnosed with low testosterone; she is likely to

A) experience high sexual desire.
B) experience low sexual desire.
C) show traits of "super-femininity".
D) be relatively unaffected.

Question 48

The notion that cerebral specialization is linked to gender differences in mental abilities

A) is still under debate.
B) has no basis in scientific fact.
C) is based primarily on anecdotal evidence.
D) has been consistently supported by research.

Question 49

In part, gender roles are shaped by the power of rewards and punishment, which are the key processes in

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) social constructionism.

Question 50

Cultural expectations about what is appropriate for each gender are called

A) display rules.
B) gender roles.
C) primary sex characteristics.
D) secondary sex characteristics.

Question 51

Which of these is not part of the "modern male role"?

A) organizational power
B) emotional self-expression toward women
C) emotional sensitivity toward women
D) economic inexpressiveness

Question 52

____ is the acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society.

A) Socialization
B) Social learning
C) Social attribution
D) Sexual orientation

Question 53

Which of the following contributes to traditional gender roles?

A) Parents dress boys and girls in similar colors.
B) Parents purchase gender-appropriate toys for their children.
C) Parents encourage similar leisure activities for boys and girls.
D) Children are assigned household chores without regard to their gender.

Question 54

Chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands are called

A) gonads.
B) enzymes.
C) hormones.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 55

The fact that children tend to imitate the behavior of same-gender models is most consistent with which of the following?

A) self-attribution
B) self-socialization
C) social cognitive theory
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 56

Gender-role socialization involves

A) imitation.
B) punishment.
C) reinforcement.
D) all of the these.

Question 57

The overall evidence suggests that biological factors play a relatively minor role in gender differences, creating pre-dispositions that are largely shaped by

A) experience.
B) prepubescent hormones.
C) unconscious sexual desires.
D) the desire for self-actualization.

Question 58

Who tends to hold more stereotyped beliefs about gender?

A) only boys who watch television frequently
B) only girls who watch television frequently
C) all children who watch television frequently
D) all children who watch television infrequently

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding the origin of gender differences is most accurate?

A) Most of the variation is due to hormonal differences.
B) Most of the variation is due to differences in brain organization.
C) Gender differences occur mainly as a function of classical conditioning.
D) Any explanation must take into account biological and environmental factors.

Question 60

Which of the following statements best reflects the effect that television has on gender role socialization?

A) It contributes to traditional stereotypes.
B) It tends to combat traditional stereotypes.
C) It reinforces traditional stereotypes for girls more than for boys.
D) Regular programming has no effect, but commercials reinforce stereotypes.

Question 61

An intense fear and intolerance of homosexuality is called

A) sexism.
B) homophobia.
C) heterophobia.
D) cross-gender typing.

Question 62

Male gender role socialization may lead to

A) pressure that inhibits sexual performance.
B) an emphasis on intimacy rather than sex.
C) greater satisfaction in sexual encounters.
D) a lack of concern for one's sexual performance.

Question 63

In earlier societies, gender roles

A) were nonexistent.
B) were largely androgynous.
C) constituted a division of labor.
D) were the opposite of modern roles.

Question 64

Discrimination against people on the basis of their gender is called

A) sexism.
B) androcentrism.
C) gender stereotyping.
D) gender identification.

Question 65

The traditional female role consists of three major mandates: the ____ mandate, the ____ mandate, and to work outside the home.

A) success; marriage
B) success; motherhood
C) marriage; nurturance
D) marriage; motherhood

Question 66

Women are most likely to hold which of the following jobs?

A) clergy
B) physician
C) college teacher
D) kindergarten teacher

Question 67

In 2003, about ____ percent of physicians were women.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 50
D) 75

Question 68

Today, about ____ percent of married women with children under the age of six work outside the home.

A) 25
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 69

Which of the following would not be considered a cost associated with the male gender role in our culture?

A) pressure to succeed
B) the fatherhood mandate
C) inability to express feelings
D) obsession with sexual performance

Question 70

Economic discrimination against women is most likely to involve which of the following?

A) lack of appropriate training
B) differential treatment on the job
C) stricter guidelines regarding appropriate attire
D) none of these

Question 71

According to Joseph Pleck, which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the "modern male role"?

A) aggressiveness
B) physical strength
C) economic achievement
D) emotional inexpressiveness

Question 72

In general, higher intelligence and grades are associated with higher career aspirations, but this is less likely to hold true for girls than for boys. This finding illustrates which of the following concepts?

A) reproductive fitness
B) heterosexual success
C) economic discrimination
D) the ability-achievement gap

Question 73

Women's sexual problems are likely to focus on which of the following?

A) impotence
B) difficulty enjoying sex
C) obsession with performance
D) the maternal urge to reproduce

Question 74

Which of the following is not considered a key element of the traditional male role?

A) the sexual element
B) the dependent element
C) the aggressive element
D) the anti-feminine element

Question 75

Sources of gender-role socialization include

A) family.
B) schools.
C) the media.
D) all of these.

Question 76

Remaining cool and calm under pressure is characteristic of which of the following elements of the traditional male role?

A) sexuality
B) achievement
C) aggression
D) stoicism

Question 77

Who is more likely to embrace the success ethic as part of masculinity?

A) only males older than 58
B) all males older than 38
C) only males 18-37
D) Males of all ages embrace the success ethic equally.

Question 78

Difficulties in expressing emotions are most likely to occur in

A) men with traditional attitudes.
B) men with nontraditional attitudes.
C) women with traditional attitudes.
D) women with nontraditional attitudes.

Question 79

Which of the following is generally not considered a form of aggression toward girls and women?

A) rape
B) sexual harassment
C) violent pornography
D) All of these are considered aggression toward females.

Question 80

The marriage and motherhood mandates fuel women's intense focus on ____; that is, learning how to attract and interest males as prospective mates.

A) sexual orientation
B) heterosexual success
C) reproductive fitness
D) the self-reliant mandate