Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the relationship between the information processing and connectionist models of memory?

A) They are different models.
B) They are identical models.
C) They are similar models.
D) They model different aspects of memory.

Answer 1

They are different models.

Question 2

How can information be retained in working memory?

Answer 2

concentrating hard and repeating the information over and over again until it is used

Question 3

Memory is the faculty for recalling past events and past learning.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Only a limited amount of information can be stored in working memory.

Question 5

According to the information processing model of memory, ________is the first stage in which an image is retained by the brain for less than 1 second.

Question 6

You attend a party where you meet someone new. You think this person is cute so you employ_____ processing by applying careful attention when he/she tells you his/her name.

Question 7

What type of memory storage is described as temporary memory that will be lost if it is not repeated before being passed on to long term memory?

A) sensory
B) temporal
C) working
D) episodic
E) none of these

Question 8

Sensory, working, and long term memory are often referred to as memory _________.

Question 9

What is another name for the parallel distributed processing model of memory?

Question 10

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage memory model, from first to last?

A) sensory memory working memory long-term memory
B) working memory sensory memory long-term memory
C) sensory memory long-term memory working memory
D) working memory long-term memory sensory memory

Question 11

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn her text's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he couldn't remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. With respect to the three activities of memory described in your text, Amelia is making reference to _________. Brian is referring to ______.

A) encoding; storage
B) retrieval; encoding
C) retrieval; storage
D) encoding; retrieval

Question 12

Using the computer metaphor described in the text, identify the component that is analogous to the hard drive and its characteristics.

Question 13

For encoding to occur, individuals need to focus on environmental stimuli. This "focus" refers to what cognitive process?

A) attention
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) invigoration
E) plastification

Question 14

Information may last for _______ seconds in sensory memory. The capacity of sensory memory is _______.

A) a few; small
B) a few; large
C) about 30; small
D) about 30; large

Question 15

What types of information might be encoded with little or no conscious effort via automatic processing?

Question 16

How is the connectionist model of memory different from the information-processing model?

Question 17

Automatic processing refers to the process by which we attend to environmental information with little or no conscious effort or thought.

Question 18

Clarice presses on her keyboard to save a document she has been editing. A file is then created on her computer's hard drive. Clarice's action of pressing is most nearly analogous to the memory activity of _________. The computer's hard drive is similar to _________ memory in the three-stage memory model.

A) storage; long-term
B) storage; working
C) encoding; long-term
D) encoding; working

Question 19

Explain why performing another task while engaging in effortful processing will likely disrupt encoding whereas encoding of information during automatic processing is less likely to be affected? Provide an example.

Question 20

Which of the following memory processes is associated with retaining memories for future use?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) invigoration
E) plastification

Question 21

Provide an example of how organization can enhance our ability to encode information in long term memory.

Question 22

_________are knowledge structures that have been developed based on previous exposure to similar experiences.

Question 23

Describe how phonological, visual, and semantic codes might be used simultaneously. Which is most important in increasing the likelihood that information will be remembered?

Question 24

Which is most effective; distributed or massed practice?

Question 25

While learning the colors associated with our perception of the visual spectrum, Susan memorized "ROY G BIV." This is an example of which type of memory aid?

A) cretacious induction
B) mnemonic device
C) workable encoding
D) episodic divination
E) all of these

Question 26

Sperling provided important insights into how working memory operates.

Question 27

Photographic or eidetic memories usually occur in adults.

Question 28

Describe the different types of information that are encoded as phonological versus visual codes?

Question 29

Tori wants to use the PQRST method when studying the memory chapter of her psychology textbook. She has previewed each chapter and outlined a list of questions to guide her note taking. After she reads, according to the PQRST method, what should Tori do next if she wants to effectively increase memory performance?

A) Tori should self-recite and test herself on the material.
B) Tori should sleep and think some more about the topic.
C) Tori should find something that will reduce her stress and talk to her friends about the chapter.
D) Tori should sit down and visualize herself getting an A on the chapter test.

Question 30

Which statement best expresses the relationship between attention and the memory activity of encoding?

A) Attention is a byproduct of encoding.
B) Attention is unrelated to encoding.
C) Attention is synonymous with encoding.
D) Attention is necessary for encoding.

Question 31

Representations based on the meaning of information are referred to as_______codes.

Question 32

Mica, five years old, was very good at remembering details such as the jersey numbers of her favorite hockey players. When asked how she did it, she mentioned that she relied on a highly detailed team picture that she has at home. This example illustrates what memory phenomenon?

A) encoding
B) verbal encoding
C) retrieval
D) eidetic memory
E) semantic encoding

Question 33

Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure?

A) The information is difficult to retrieve, because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew's long-term memory.
B) The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stored in Drew's long-term memory.
C) The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.
D) The information was immediately displaced from Drew's working memory after it was encoded.

Question 34

______ or consciously repeating information increases the likelihood of information being encoded into working memory

Question 35

Information is most likely to be stored in long term memory if people elaborate on its meaning.

Question 36

Professor Mills encourages her students to use the PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, Self-recite, and Test) method when reading their psychology textbooks. Why does the PQRST method effectively increase memory performance?

A) The PQRST method decreases the risk of dementia.
B) The PQRST method enhances synaptagenesis.
C) The PQRST method improves organization.
D) The PQRST method increases the intensity of emotions, which thereby increases memory.

Question 37

Although Rick had never visited the Burger King in Shreveport, he knew how to order his food from the drive up window. What knowledge structure did he use in this instance?

Question 38

Which of the following activities is CORRECTLY identified as either an automatic processing task or an effortful processing task?

A) memorizing a sonnet --- automatic processing
B) estimating how long you have been studying English this evening - automatic processing
C) solving an algebra problem - automatic processing
D) driving a familiar route - effortful processing

Question 39

On the Fourth of July, Colin "wrote" his name in the air, and for a few hundred milliseconds he could see his name. This example illustrates the brief visual storehouse associated with what memory store?

A) long term
B) declarative
C) working
D) procedural
E) sensory

Question 40

You need to remember the phone number of the local pizza parlor and you repeat the number to yourself until you have it entered in the telephone. What type of memory code was used to encode that information?

Question 41

During an exam, Joe found that he could look at questions and know the meaning of acronyms such as PET, MRI, fMRI, PET, and ERP. Although he found it difficult to encode the spelling of each word because that surpassed his 7+/-2 working memory capacity, he knew the meaning of each letter. This example illustrates what method used to expand working memory capacity?

A) spelling
B) temporal overload
C) chunking
D) episodic buffer

Question 42

Phonological is to semantic as ________ is to _______.

A) appearance; sound
B) meaning; sound
C) sound; meaning
D) sound; appearance

Question 43

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, psychologist George Sperling conducted key studies of:

A) long-term memory
B) working memory
C) effortful processing
D) sensory memory

Question 44

Your text describes a study in which 200-word poems were memorized more quickly than were 200-word prose passages, which in turn were memorized more quickly than were 200 nonsense syllables. That participants memorized poetry more quickly than prose may reflect the sound features one finds in poetry, such as rhyme and meter. Poetry, then, may allow one to take advantage not only of meaning, but also of distinctive _____ codes when one is trying to memorize it.

A) eidetic
B) visual
C) phonological
D) semantic

Question 45

According to your text, why do different people often seem to remember different details of the same event?

A) Long-term memories are coded in terms of overall meaning, rather than specific sensory details.
B) Few people have the eidetic memory to recall events exactly as they occurred.
C) The type of code used to store long-term memories differs greatly from person to person.
D) Long-term memories tend to be coded at a superficial phonological level.

Question 46

Approximately 1 in ____ children encode images eidetically. Eidetic memory occurs ________ frequently among adults than among children.

A) 10; equally
B) 10; less
C) 20; equally
D) 20; less

Question 47

Define "chunking" and explain how this concept reveals that working memory can hold more than 7 plus or minus 2 words/numbers.

Question 48

Isadora knows that during a typical job interview, she will be asked to tell the interviewer a little about herself and suggest why she wants the position. Isadora has developed a(n) _______ for job interviews.

A) semantic code
B) elaborated representation
C) mnemonic
D) schema

Question 49

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its encoding is termed ________.

A) retrieval
B) rehearsal
C) semantic coding
D) active encoding

Question 50

"She did WHAT??" your roommate exclaims as you relate an anecdote about a mutual friend. Your roommate is processing your story in _________ memory.

A) working
B) sensory
C) semantic
D) long-term

Question 51

Gemma studies History immediately before she falls asleep, so that it will be the last thing that she learns each day. Holt plays tapes of his professor's Economics lectures while he sleeps, thinking he'll absorb the material 'subconsciously.' Armed with your knowledge of the psychology of memory, what might you tell Gemma? Holt?

A) I would tell Gemma that material encoded immediately prior to sleep is unlikely to be rehearsed sufficiently for its optimal retention. I would tell Holt that he'll actually learn a surprising amount that way.
B) I would tell Gemma that she has a good idea, because learning material immediately prior to sleep minimizes interference. I would tell Holt that the material on his tapes will not be encoded while he sleeps.
C) I would tell Gemma that material encoded immediately prior to sleep is unlikely to be rehearsed sufficiently for its optimal retention. I would tell Holt that the material on his tapes will not be encoded while he sleeps.
D) I would tell both Gemma and Holt that the material they are trying to learn is unlikely to be encoded given their strategies.

Question 52

Old information stored in long term memory must enter working memory for it to be active for use in an ongoing task.

Question 53

You desperately need to study French vocabulary. Your roommate recommends that you sit at your desk and turn off the TV and your phone. Is this good advice? Why or why not?

A) Yes, it is good advice. Automatic processes are susceptible to interruption by distractions.
B) Yes, it is good advice. Effortful processes are susceptible to interruption by distractions.
C) No, it is not especially good advice. Automatic processes are not susceptible to interruption by distractions.
D) No, it is not especially good advice. Effortful processes are not susceptible to interruption by distractions.

Question 54

You are trying to remember an address long enough to map it using your search engine. Research suggests that you will probably encode the address using a(n) ______ code.

A) phonological
B) semantic
C) visual
D) eidetic

Question 55

In 1885, _________pioneered memory research by studying his own memory.

Question 56

Erika usually 'crams' for tests the night before they are given. Francisco generally studies each of his courses for about 45 minutes each night throughout the term. Erika relies on __________, whereas Francisco uses _________.

A) effortful processing; automatic processing
B) distributed practice; massed practice
C) automatic processing; effortful processing
D) massed practice; distributed practice

Question 57

Which of the statements is TRUE regarding automatic processing?

A) We are less aware of the attention we devote to automatic than to effortful processes.
B) Automatic processing does not require attention.
C) We are just as aware of the attention we devote to automatic as to effortful processes.
D) Automatic processing actually requires more attention than does effortful processing.

Question 58

What is the capacity of working memory?

A) 1-8 items
B) 3-11 items
C) 5-9 items
D) 7-13 items
E) none of these

Question 59

The key word method and method of loci are examples of techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of materials so that they may be better remembered. That is, they are examples of ________.

A) retrieval techniques
B) mnemonic devices
C) rehearsal strategies
D) eidetic methods

Question 60

How did George Miller describe working memory capacity?

Question 61

According to your text, in which of the three memory stages does storage occur?

A) long-term memory only
B) both working and long-term memory
C) working memory only
D) both sensory and working memory

Question 62

Explicit and implicit memories are stored in long term memory.

Question 63

Distinguish implicit from explicit memories and provide examples of each.

Question 64

When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number, you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Rather, you might say, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies ________, a strategy to enhance ______ memory.

A) consolidation; sensory
B) consolidation; working
C) chunking; sensory
D) chunking; working

Question 65

_________memories are those that can be consciously brought to mind.

Question 66

Neuroimaging studies of brain damaged patients suggest that implicit and explicit memories are stored using the same mechanisms.

Question 67

While playing Trivial Pursuit, Jessica remembered that Abraham Lincoln had a history of depression. Memory of a piece of general historical knowledge is considered a _________ memory.

Question 68

Cole knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) _______ memory.

A) implicit
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) procedural

Question 69

The capacity of long term memory is ______ that of working memory. Also, as compared to working memory, long-term memory is _______ variable from person to person.

A) larger than; equally
B) larger than; more
C) equal to; equally
D) equal to; more

Question 70

From which of the three memory stages does information enter working memory?

A) long-term memory only
B) sensory memory only
C) both sensory and long-term memory
D) semantic memory only

Question 71

Explicit memory is to ______ memory as implicit memory is to _______ memory.

A) episodic; procedural
B) episodic; semantic
C) semantic; episodic
D) procedural; episodic

Question 72

Lucinda remembered getting a special doll for her 8^th birthday. Which type of explicit memory is being described in this example?

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) implicit
E) elaborated

Question 73

In the words of George Miller, the capacity of working memory is the "magical number _________."

A) nine, plus or minus two
B) six, plus or minus one
C) five, plus or minus two
D) seven, plus or minus two

Question 74

To which of the following is working memory most nearly analogous?

A) a legal pad on which you jot temporary notes
B) a Post-It© note reminding you of a future obligation
C) a file on a computer hard drive
D) a portrait hanging in a museum

Question 75

Regardless of precise organization, how are the pieces of information stored in long term memory linked to one another?

Question 76

Which psychologist is CORRECTLY matched with the memory stage he or she studied?

A) Sperling; working memory
B) Loftus; sensory memory
C) Ebbinghaus; long-term memory
D) Miller; long-term memory

Question 77

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _______ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _________ digits correctly.

A) working; 4
B) working; 7
C) sensory; 4
D) sensory; 7

Question 78

Describe the difference between semantic and episodic memory.

Question 79

Define the term "implicit memory."

Question 80

Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of working memory is termed _________.

A) chunking
B) clumping
C) consolidating
D) compacting