Deck 3: Human Development

Question 1

The belief that development is biologically programmed to happen sequentially is known as maturation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A __________ research design studies the same people over a significant period of time.

Answer 2

longitudinal

Question 3

Which of the following is true about developmental psychology?

A) Developmental psychologists are only interested in similarities between groups of people.
B) Most developmental psychologists are only interested in the developmental changes in childhood.
C) Most developmental psychologists now view development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan.
D) Developmental psychologists are only interested in the psychological development of the person, not in biological development.

Answer 3

Most developmental psychologists now view development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan.

Question 4

If you encountered an eight week old kitten that had never been exposed to humans before, what reaction would you most likely get from the kitten?

A) The kitten would be friendly because it has the genes of a domestic animal.
B) The kitten would bite and scratch you because it never imprinted on humans.
C) The kitten would respond the same way its mother responds.
D) The particular reaction would depend on the specific personality of the individual kitten.

Question 5

Mary is concerned that her baby is 12 months old, but is still not walking on her own. Which of the following issues is most relevant to Mary's concern?
a) Nature vs. nurture.
b) Critical periods vs. sensitive periods.
c) Qualitative vs. quantitative shifts in development.
d) Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional.

Question 6

What key debate in developmental psychology considers whether genetics or environment has a greater impact on behavior?

A) nature vs. nurture
B) quantitative vs. qualitative
C) endogenous vs. exogenous
D) genetics vs. maturation

Question 7

What term is used to describe a point in development when an organism is especially sensitive to particular kinds of environmental stimuli?

Question 8

What type of research design attempts to combine the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches?

Question 9

The benefits of a longitudinal research design are ease and efficiency.

Question 10

Most developmental psychologists believe that

A) endogenous factors are more important than exogenous factors.
B) exogenous factors are more important than endogenous factors.
C) nature is more important than nurture.
D) development is a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors.

Question 11

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?

A) Critical periods are more rigid than sensitive periods.
B) Sensitive periods are more rigid than critical periods.
C) Animals have sensitive periods, while humans have critical periods.
D) Critical periods and sensitive periods are the same thing.

Question 12

All children develop in the same way and there is no variation in the timing of developmental milestones.

Question 13

Define the term "imprinting" and identify the scientist most often associated with this research.

Question 14

Joseph recently found some duckling eggs that had been abandoned and hatched the eggs. The ducklings followed Joseph around everywhere. Which of the following experiments was Joseph replicating?

A) Lorenz's studies of sensitive periods.
B) Lorenz's studies of imprinting.
C) Piaget's theory of attachment.
D) Bowlby's studies of attachment.

Question 15

Which type of shifts in developmental growth suggest that a person changes following the achievement of milestones.

A) quantitative
B) maturation
C) exogenous
D) qualitative

Question 16

Which do you believe is more important: nature or nurture? Reflect on your own life circumstances and determine whether your genetics or your environment has had a greater impact on who you are today. Provide 2 examples to support your choice.

Question 17

What does the term "nature" refer to in the nature vs. nurture controversy?

Question 18

The __________ view of development suggests that our experiences heavily influence how we develop.

Question 19

Describe the drawbacks of longitudinal research designs.

Question 20

Eunice, age 65, participated in a research study that compared older adult's scores on a cognitive test to the scores of younger adults. Which type of study does this example represent?

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) cross-sectional
D) qualitative

Question 21

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans possess?

Question 22

A zygote is the single cell that results from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

Question 23

How long is the prenatal stage in human beings?

A) 9 months
B) 6 months
C) 4 months
D) 1 month

Question 24

Polygenic traits involve the combined impact of multiple genes.

Question 25

Describe the difference between the genotype and phenotype of an individual.

Question 26

What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?

Question 27

When a genotype combines two different alleles, it is described as homozygous.

Question 28

What three temperament categories can be used to describe infants?

Question 29

According to Kagan, what are two key aspects of temperament?

Question 30

Ribosomes are the basic building blocks of our genetic inheritance.

Question 31

Which term describes the vast majority of traits affecting human behavior?

A) discrete
B) polygenic
C) heterozygous
D) homozygous

Question 32

The __________ is a nutrient-rich structure that is formed during the germinal stage.

Question 33

What prenatal stage comprises the first two weeks following conception?

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) germinal
D) zygotic

Question 34

A __________ trait occurs when both parents contribute the same alleles for a gene.

Question 35

If we want to understand why senior citizens sometimes have more difficulty learning to use computers than younger people, which of the following approaches would give us the best information about cohort effects?

A) They should be tested to see if they are developing dementia.
B) Researchers should use a cross-sectional design.
C) Researchers should use a longitudinal design.
D) There is no way to determine why there is an age difference in computer proficiency.

Question 36

What outcome occurs when individuals with heterozygous alleles express both of their parents' genes in their phenotype?

Question 37

Each gene is composed of a specific sequence of __________.

Question 38

Which of the following terms refers to variations of the same gene?

A) chromosomes
B) homozygous
C) heterozygous
D) alleles

Question 39

Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?

A) Gives reasonably reliable information about age changes.
B) Convenient for researchers and participants.
C) Requires relatively little time and money
D) Easy and straightforward.

Question 40

What term refers to the biologically-based tendency to respond to situations in similar ways throughout the lifespan?

Question 41

The gene for eye color is dominant for brown and recessive for blue. Tamesha has green eyes. Which of the following explains this?

A) Dominant and recessive genes do not affect eye color.
B) Tamesha is probably wearing colored contact lenses.
C) Eye color is a discrete trait.
D) Eye color is determined by the polygenetic principle

Question 42

The mother's eggs are fertilized in the

A) uterus
B) fallopian tube
C) embryonic canal
D) ovaries

Question 43

The gene for brown eyes is dominant, and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. Mary and Joe both have brown eyes, but their daughter has blue eyes. Which of the following statement is true?

A) Mary and Joe are both homozygous for eye color.
B) One of these parents is probably not biologically related to the child.
C) Mary and Joe are both heterozygous for eye color.
D) There is no way to determine anything about your parents based on this information.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about Kagan's research about temperament?

A) Temperament is inborn and consistent across situations and time.
B) Temperament is inborn but is not consistent across situations and time.
C) Temperament is not inborn but, once established, is consistent across situations and time.
D) Temperament is not inborn and is not consistent across situations and time.

Question 45

Which of the following is true about the phenotype?

A) It is a reflection of the genotype.
B) Understanding the phenotype allows us to understand the genotype.
C) The genotype can be different from the phenotype.
D) The phenotype is the pattern of genetic inheritance of an individual.

Question 46

What inborn response causes babies to pucker their lips and begin to suck when something brushes their cheeks or is put in their mouths?

A) sucking reflex
B) Moro reflex
C) rooting reflex
D) gripping reflex

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a teratogen?

A) Tobacco
B) PKU
C) Alcohol
D) Listeria

Question 48

The person's genetic code or inheritance is the

A) phenotype.
B) genotype.
C) gene.
D) chromosome.

Question 49

Vision is the most highly developed sense immediately following birth.

Question 50

When does the fetal stage occur?

A) In the first two weeks after conception.
B) Between 2 and 8 weeks after conception.
C) During the second and third trimesters.
D) From eight weeks after conception until birth.

Question 51

In what stage is an organism most vulnerable to miscarriage?

Question 52

A biologically-based tendency to respond to certain situations in similar ways throughout or lifetimes is the definition of

A) personality.
B) genotype.
C) temperament.
D) disposition.

Question 53

Humans have

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
C) 22 pairs or chromosomes.
D) 46 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 54

Which of the following best summarizes the research into birth order effects?
a) First-borns tend to be more open to experience and more agreeable than later-borns.
b) Birth order does not influence personality in a clear and consistent way.
c) First-borns tend to score about three points lower on IQ tests than later-borns.
d) Birth order has a substantial effect on personality.

Question 55

Most of the major systems of the body, including the nervous system and the circulatory system begin to take shape during this stage

A) fetal
B) germinal
C) embyronic
D) zygotic

Question 56

During the first two weeks after conception, the fertilized egg is called a ______ and the stage is referred to as the __________.

A) zygote; embryonic
B) embryo; germinal
C) fetus; fetal stage
D) zygote; germinal

Question 57

Define teratogen and provide two examples of teratogens.

Question 58

___________ occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 21^st pair of chromosomes.

A) Down syndrome
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) Listeria
D) PKU

Question 59

Genes are composed of

A) chromosomes.
B) deoxyribonucleic acid.
C) genotypes.
D) heterozygous traits.

Question 60

If you can curl your tongue, which of the following is true about your parent(s)?

A) At least one of your parents also has this trait.
B) Both of your parents also have this trait.
C) Both of your parents carry the recessive trait for tongue curling.
D) There is no way to determine anything about your parents based on this information.

Question 61

What pattern does brain and body development tend to follow?

Question 62

Describe attachment theory and explain how it relates to a child's social and emotional development.

Question 63

The experiment Ainsworth developed to study attachment is called the Strange Situation.

Question 64

What two processes are responsible for the growth of the brain during the first few years of life?

Question 65

Describe the authoritarian parenting style as defined by Baumrind.

Question 66

Which of the following senses is least well developed in a newborn?

A) taste and smell
B) hearing
C) vision
D) touch

Question 67

A __________ is a mental framework that individuals use to understand the world.

Question 68

Piaget's theory states that children's cognitive abilities differ according to age.

Question 69

Define motor skills and provide 2 examples.

Question 70

What term describes the phenomenon of a child stopping his/her response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly over time?

Question 71

What term refers to the transaction that reflects how children's behaviors affect parenting styles?

Question 72

The process that removes some of our early neural connections is called synaptic _________.

Question 73

Colin, age 4, used his previous impressions of his pet cats at home to understand the behavior of the lions he saw for the first time at the zoo. According to Piaget, what process did Colin use?

Question 74

How is the developmental process of accommodation different from assimilation?

Question 75

Peek-a-boo is a game that parents enjoy playing with infants because they seem to be genuinely surprised when Mom or Dad's faces comes back into view from behind their hands. This game illustrates that children under the age of approximately 8 months have not yet developed which cognitive ability?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) object permanence
C) facial recognition
D) egocentrism

Question 76

Which is not one of the attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?

A) secure
B) anxious/avoidant
C) insecure
D) anxious/resistant

Question 77

Cognitive development refers to how thinking develops with age.

Question 78

Individuals engage in assimilation and accommodation to achieve __________.

Question 79

Which theorist suggested that children develop internal working models of the world and themselves when they experience early attachment?

A) Bowlby
B) Ainsworth
C) Piaget
D) Wynn

Question 80

Which research method was used by Piaget to formulate his theory of cognitive development?

A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) survey
D) experiment