Deck 4: “Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality

Question 1

The social purity movement directed its efforts primarily at the middle classes, while the sex hygiene movement directed its efforts primarily at the lower classes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The social control of sexual deviance during the Colonial era was consistent across genders, races, and classes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Throughout the 19th century, the culture industry both contributed to the growth of the "sex industry" (e.g. pornography) and was a tool used to socially control sexual deviance.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In the early 20th century, stereotyped beliefs about the sexuality of black men and Chinese men were part of Emily Murphy's rationale for trying to restrict immigration to Canada.

Question 5

All male immigrants to Canada in the 19th century were seen as a threat to white women.

Question 6

During the early years of European colonization in Canada, the Hudson's Bay Company encouraged sexual unions between European men and Aboriginal women.

Question 7

Interviews with female exotic dancers reveal that those who enter the industry because of financial desperation, and initially hate their jobs, eventually say that the money makes it worth it.

Question 8

During the Colonial era, sexually "deviant" men were more likely to be physically punished (e.g. whipping), while sexually "deviant" women were more likely to be fined.

Question 9

Within the language used in Sambian society, males are considered "homosexual" during youth, "bisexual" at the time of marriage, and "heterosexual" after becoming fathers.

Question 10

In Athens (5th century B. C.), "deviant" and "normal" sexuality were defined on the basis of the needs and desires of aristocratic men.

Question 11

The sociological study of sexuality is dominated by positivist theoretical perspectives.

Question 12

Although the role of the State in regulating sexual deviance declined in the early 19th century, by the end of the century its role had increased once again, due to the efforts of moral entrepreneurs.

Question 13

During the Colonial era, women were more likely to be treated as sexual "deviants" than men were.

Question 14

A number of Aboriginal cultures traditionally recognized more than two "sexes" and "genders".

Question 15

By the mid-19th century, laws prohibiting White/Aboriginal relationships began to be repealed in many parts of Canada.

Question 16

In some countries, homosexuality continues to be a crime punishable by death.

Question 17

The "Viagra culture" in which we currently live defines and controls the sexuality of both men and women.

Question 18

As long as you and your partner are in agreement, the sexual acts that you engage in are perceived by others as "normal".

Question 19

During the 1880s, Canadian law finally defined "sexual assault" as a crime even within marriage.

Question 20

Within the traditional belief system of some Aboriginal cultures, it was suggested that from the beginning of time, it was meant that there should be people who are homosexual.

Question 21

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, whose roles in the social control of deviance sexuality increased?

A) women; the culture industry; the State
B) the State; the Church; the community
C) the medical profession; women; social reformers
D) the medical profession; the State; the culture industry
E) the Church, the medical profession; social reformers

Question 22

Which of the following characteristics was part of the sexual culture of the 17th century in Canada?

A) the practice of black slavery was closely intertwined with the control of sexuality
B) the social purity movement emerged
C) the sex industry showed considerable growth
D) self-control was the dominant theme in scientific contributions to sexual culture
E) none of the above are characteristics of the sexual culture of the 17th century

Question 23

Among female exotic dancers, the boundaries of what they will and will not do with customers become less flexible over time, as the dancers become disenchanted with the industry.

Question 24

In what ways was the sexuality of black people in Canada controlled within the dominant sexual culture of the 17th and 18th centuries?

A) slave owners controlled which slaves were permitted to form intimate relationships with whom
B) female slaves were valued for their reproductive capacities
C) certain male slaves were selected as "studs" to impregnate female slaves
D) laws prohibited free blacks from marrying outside their race
E) the sexuality of black people in Canada during this era was controlled in all of the ways listed above

Question 25

In 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that obscenity should be defined by harm rather than by community standards.

Question 26

The sexual culture of ancient Athens (5th century B. C.) was based upon

A) religion.
B) power.
C) heterosexuality.
D) the marital relationship.
E) religion and the marital relationship.

Question 27

Which of the following statements describes the sexual culture of Sambian society?

A) sexuality is perceived as something that exists separately from social life more generally
B) sexuality is seen as primarily for the purposes of physical pleasure
C) an older male that performs fellatio on a younger male is perceived as "deviant"
D) it is based upon a foundation of matriarchy
E) same-sex sexual activities between males are condemned within the religious belief system

Question 28

Interviews with female exotic dancers reveal that they use "counterfeit intimacy" to create regular customers who keep coming back.

Question 29

Research about Iranian immigrants' understandings of Canadian sexuality, and their perceptions of Canada's "sexual permissiveness", utilizes which theoretical approach?

A) conflict
B) positivist
C) postmodern
D) interpretive
E) structural Marxist

Question 30

How was the social control of sexual deviance during the Colonial era embedded within social hierarchies?

A) men were more likely to be punished for sexual deviance than women were
B) women were more likely to be physically punished for sexual deviance, while men were more likely to be given fines
C) greater scorn was directed at white men who had sexual relationships with black women, than was directed at white women who had sexual relationships with black men
D) upper-class men were less likely to go to trial for rape than lower-class men were, but upper-class men who did go to trial were usually given harsher sentences than lower-class men were
E) upper-class men were more likely to go to trial for rape than lower-class men were, but upper-class men who did go to trial were usually given more lenient sentences than lower-class men were

Question 31

According to Foucault, although homosexual activities have always existed, homosexual identities only became possible with the development and acceptance of which concept?

A) gender
B) heterosexuality
C) the self
D) intimacy
E) freedom

Question 32

During the late 18th century and early 19th century, what social changes occurred that affected the dominant sexual culture of the time?

A) religious shifts transferred the responsibility for salvation from the individual to the Church fathers
B) the doctrine of the "pursuit of happiness" was phased out of American, British, and Canadian discourse
C) the number of economically-based arranged marriages increased
D) urbanization and the growth of wage labour contributed to more anonymous lives distanced from extended family and community surveillance
E) all of the changes listed above combined to affect the dominant sexual culture of the time

Question 33

Which of the following sexual activities was considered "deviant" in Athens in 5th century B. C.?

A) aristocratic males engaged in sexual activities with their wives
B) aristocratic adult males engaged in anal intercourse with aristocratic adolescent males
C) aristocratic males engaged in sexual activities with slaves
D) aristocratic males engaged in sexual activities with "foreigners"
E) aristocratic males engaged in sexual activities with slaves or "foreigners"

Question 34

One of the problems with research done on the effects of pornography is that the results are often confounded with the moral/social agendas of the researchers/sponsors of such research.

Question 35

The dominant meaning of sexuality has changed in North America from the 17th century to the 21st century. Which of the following lists consists of the correct chronological order of these changes in meaning?

A) reproduction within marriage; personal fulfillment; intimacy within marriage
B) intimacy within marriage; personal fulfillment; reproduction within marriage
C) intimacy within marriage; reproduction within marriage; personal fulfillment
D) reproduction within marriage; intimacy within marriage; personal fulfillment
E) personal fulfillment; reproduction within marriage; intimacy within marriage

Question 36

The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that laws prohibiting the possession of "obscene" materials are a violation of the freedom of expression, but that it is a reasonable violation of such freedoms in a democratic society.

Question 37

European explorers used which of the following terms as a derogatory reference to the biological males who assumed female roles in some Aboriginal cultures?

A) nadleeh
B) hwame
C) alyha
D) les femmes du pays
E) berdache

Question 38

Which of the following research topics reflects a critical theoretical perspective?

A) the manner in which elite discourses govern sexuality
B) the meaning of "the closet" to gays and lesbians
C) Iranian immigrants' understandings and perceptions of Canadian sexuality
D) exotic dancers' understandings of themselves and their jobs
E) the nature/nurture debate in relation to homosexuality

Question 39

What are the functions of the ritualized same-sex activities among males in Sambian society?

A) reproduce and perpetuate the strictly distinct roles of males and females in society
B) reproduce and perpetuate the patriarchy that characterizes Sambian society
C) ensure that all Sambian males have the ability to be effective warriors, should the need arise
D) remove the "polluting" influence of women on boys
E) ritualized same-sex activities fulfill all of the functions listed above

Question 40

Which of the following statements describes perceptions of European/Aboriginal relationships following the colonization of Canada?

A) such relationships were considered unacceptable during the early years of colonization, but gradually became more accepted over time
B) Métis women were initially perceived as more "acceptable" as wives for white men, but over time Aboriginal women came to be seen as more "acceptable" as wives
C) such relationships were considered acceptable during the early years of colonization, but gradually came to be defined as unacceptable
D) such relationships were rare among early European settlers of Canada
E) such relationships were considered more acceptable following the development of agriculture than they were during the fur trade

Question 41

According to which type of definition would it be possible for a children's toy catalogue to be considered "pornography"?

A) genre definitions
B) labelling definitions
C) functional definitions
D) legal definitions
E) both functional and genre definitions

Question 42

Explain the ways that the following agents controlled sexual deviance during the 17th century: (a) the family; (b) the community; and (c) the Christian Church.

Question 43

Briefly describe what Foucault meant when he said that sexuality is governed by elite discourses, drawing upon homosexuality as an example.

Question 44

Which of the following accurately lists, in order, the top three motivations for police-reported hate crimes in Canada?

A) (1) race/ethnicity; (2) religion; (3) sexual orientation
B) (1) religion; (2) race/ethnicity; (3) sexual orientation
C) (1) sexual orientation; (2) religion; (3) race/ethnicity
D) (1) sexual orientation; (2) race/ethnicity; (3) religion
E) (1) race/ethnicity; (2) sexual orientation; (3) religion

Question 45

Within which type of definition of "pornography" are community standards a central issue?

A) genre definitions
B) labelling definitions
C) functional definitions
D) legal definitions
E) both labelling and legal definitions

Question 46

What proportion of police-reported hate crimes in Canada is based upon sexual orientation?

A) 3%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 48%
E) 72%

Question 47

In date rape trials, which of the following criteria for determining "deviant" sexuality is emphasized?

A) consent
B) nature of the sexual partner
C) nature of the sexual act
D) setting
E) frequency

Question 48

Give two examples of how characteristics of a sexual culture may be intertwined with hierarchies of gender, race, or class.

Question 49

Which of the following criteria for determining "deviant" sexuality in contemporary Canada is addressed within the "Viagra culture?"

A) setting
B) consent
C) frequency
D) nature of the partner
E) nature of the act

Question 50

A man is told by the doctor to reduce the frequency of sexual activity in his marriage, in order to avoid illness. What era is this man most likely living in?

A) the Colonial era
B) the ear of the early fur trade (i.e. 16th and 17th centuries)
C) the 19th century
D) the late 20th century
E) 5th century B. C. Athens

Question 51

Which of the following concerns is consistently and conclusively supported by scientific research?

A) the consumption of pornography causes men to sexually victimize women
B) pornography is harmful in that it has a negative impact on attitudes toward women in society
C) pornography has a negative impact on the moral fibre of society
D) pornography interferes with the smooth-running of the social order
E) none of the above concerns is consistently and conclusively supported by scientific research

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true?

A) because of the extreme misogyny in Sambian society, boys respond in an overwhelmingly positive way to entering the all-male enclave
B) in ancient Athens (5th century B. C.), the overwhelming support for sexual relationships between aristocratic men and adolescent males meant that formal social controls for those relationships were absent in society
C) NAMBLA's claims about sexuality have been so rejected in society, that the organization has been forced to disband
D) the growth of the Internet has stimulated new questions about determining sexual deviance
E) research about changing sexual cultures reveals all of the above statements to be true

Question 53

According to D'Emilio and Freedman (1997), by the early 20th century the dominant meaning of sexuality in North America was

A) reproduction within marriage.
B) intimacy within marriage.
C) personal fulfillment within marriage.
D) personal fulfillment, regardless of marriage.
E) economic exchange within marriage.

Question 54

Explain how the "Viagra culture" in which we currently live is connected to the construction of masculinity and femininity.

Question 55

Which of the following concepts serves as the foundation for the Supreme Court of Canada's decision that prohibiting "obscene material" is a reasonable violation of freedom of expression?

A) statistical rarity
B) harm
C) normative violation
D) societal reaction
E) both rarity and harm

Question 56

Which of the following statements about female exotic dancers is TRUE?

A) they are subjected to the power of their customers
B) they are subjected to the power of their employers
C) they exert power over their customers
D) they are subjected to the power of their customers and their employers
E) although they are subjected to the power of their customers and their employers, exotic dancers also exert power over their customers

Question 57

Which of the following types of female exotic dancers (Sloan & Wahab, 2004) best fits the victimization hypothesis?

A) escapists
B) workers
C) survivors
D) non-conformists
E) dancers

Question 58

At which of the following social groups were the efforts of the social purity or sex hygiene movements primarily directed?

A) fallen women
B) lower classes
C) Indian and Chinese immigrants
D) Prostitutes
E) women in shelters

Question 59

Sloan and Wahab (2004) identify four different types of exotic dancers. From which type did they draw the following conclusion? "These were intelligent women who had considered their own lives and their own realities."

A) dancers
B) workers
C) survivors
D) non-conformists
E) they described all exotic dancers, regardless of type, in this way

Question 60

Explain how the construction of "normal" sexuality in ancient Athens (5th century B. C.) was linked with power relations.

Question 61

Using the various definitions outlined in the textbook, create your own definition of pornography. Include in your definition the concept of harmfulness and social control.

Question 62

Consider the concept of the "deviance dance", that is debate, negotiation, and resistance surrounding the social typing process. Based on the material contained in this Chapter, describe three different ways in which the "deviance dance" is evident in the realm of sexuality, either past or present.

Question 63

Is exotic dancing a sexual act, and do the participants view themselves as victims? Support your position using specific material from the textbook.

Question 64

Contrast the ways that interpretive and critical theoretical perspectives approach the study of sexuality, and provide examples of the types of research done from within each perspective.

Question 65

Address the various ways that power is intertwined with the social typing of sexual deviance, using examples.

Question 66

Describe the three different definitions of pornography addressed in the Chapter, and give an example that illustrates each of the definitions.