Deck 11: Motivation

Question 1

Name an external motivation to graduation from college.

Answer 1

Employment, monetary, recognition, etc.

Question 2

Which theory of motivation can explain the non-goal directed behaviors associated with curiosity?

A) Arousal
B) Instinct
C) Drive reduction
D) Incentive

Answer 2

Arousal

Question 3

Which of the following incentives is intrinsically motivating?

A) Feelings of self-worth
B) Public recognition
C) Monetary compensation
D) Food and water

Answer 3

Feelings of self-worth

Question 4

Describe the difference between primary and secondary incentives. Provide an example of each type of incentive.

Question 5

An example of an innate reflex in babies explained by the turning of their heads and searching for a mother's nipple prior to feeding is the __________ reflex.

Question 6

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between task difficulty and arousal?

Question 7

Which theory of motivation states that our behaviors are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis?

A) Drive reduction
B) Instinct
C) Arousal
D) Incentive

Question 8

Name one shortcoming of instinct theory.

Question 9

Many of our basic motives are innate.

Question 10

Arousal theory deviates from drive reduction theory because we are not always motivated to reduce arousal back to some neutral state.

Question 11

Virgin female rats typically ignore unfamiliar rat pups, yet they engage in a rich repertoire of maternal behaviors when their own pups are born. Which theory of motivation explains this behavior?

A) Arousal
B) Instinct
C) Drive reduction
D) Incentive

Question 12

If all behaviors were innate, which 2 types of psychological experiments would no longer be necessary?

Question 13

When an internal factor alters the state of balance in an organism, a motivation arises to correct the balance.

Question 14

Why are thrill-seeking behaviors difficult for drive reduction theories to explain?

Question 15

To illustrate the arousal theory, rats may learn to navigate a maze without rewards or __________.

Question 16

Engaging in a behavior that is satisfying in and of itself is __________ motivating.

Question 17

What bodily adaptation is activated when external temperature rises and our body becomes too hot?

Question 18

Incentive theory highlights the influence of external stimuli on behavior.

Question 19

The tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of equilibrium is known as __________.

Question 20

What scientific law states that ideal task performance occurs when our arousal level is at the an optimal level for the difficulty of a task?

Question 21

The term ____ is use to describe the body's internal state of balance or equilibrium.

A) homogeneity
B) homozygous
C) instinct
D) arousal
E) homeostasis

Question 22

What theory of motivation is based on the concept of homeostasis?

A) Instinct
B) Drive reduction
C) Arousal
D) Incentive

Question 23

Which of the following behaviors cannot be explained by drive reduction theory?

A) temperature regulation
B) skydiving
C) weight gain/loss
D) sexual behavior

Question 24

What needs reside on the tier directly above the most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Question 25

What behavior does arousal theory explain that instinct and drive reduction theories of motivation cannot?

A) hunger
B) curiosity
C) thirst
D) sexual

Question 26

What term is used in the textbook to describe a set of "behavioral blueprints?"

A) arousal
B) goal
C) emotional desire
D) instinct

Question 27

Pleasure or liking is often associated with systems within the brain that produce which chemical?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Synthetic compounds
C) Narcotics
D) Opiates

Question 28

Carl Rogers is famous for developing the hierarchy of needs model.

Question 29

At the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the need for __________.

Question 30

Mark works on an assembly line building brooms and he enjoys listening to music during the work day because he is bored. At home when he builds model airplanes, he is thoroughly engaged, and needs absolute quiet during this task. What law explains this difference in Mark's need for arousal?

A) Law of Relativity
B) Komolgorov-Smirnoff
C) Law of Large Numbers
D) Fitt's law
E) Yerkes-Dodson

Question 31

What argument suggests that the instinct theory of motivation is incorrect?

A) some behaviors are innate
B) instincts persist throughout life
C) the need for social interaction changes over time
D) instinct theory cannot explain differences among individuals

Question 32

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between arousal level and task difficulty?

A) they are correlated
B) there is no relationship
C) they are inversely related
D) this law does not address arousal

Question 33

How do psychologists define motivation?

A) a condition that directs behavior towards arousal
B) a condition that directs behavior towards a goal
C) a condition that satisfies an emotional desire
D) a condition that directs behavior for survival
E) a condition that is collaborative

Question 34

Which of the following tasks might NOT be disrupted by highly arousing circumstances?

A) taking a calculus test
B) defusing a bomb
C) piloting an airplane during takeoffs/landings
D) running a marathon

Question 35

Of the following statements, which are true?

A) Rooting is an instinctive human behavior.
B) Rooting allows a baby to eat.
C) Rooting allows a baby to seek social contact with it's mother.
D)Rooting is a form of primitive social behavior.
E) all of the above

Question 36

Which of the following behaviors is instinctive?

A) sending an email
B) driving to work
C) sports when bored
D) reading when sleepy
E) eating when hungry

Question 37

According to Kinsley, what factor causes instinctual maternal behavior to emerge in rats?

A) behavioral maturity
B) changes in hormone levels due to pregnancy
C) sexual desire
D) changes in hormone levels due to survival

Question 38

To maintain the homeostasis of body temperature, what behavioral actions can be taken?

A) get a cold drink when hot
B) get a warm drink when cold
C) shed clothing when hot
D) add clothing when cold
E) all of these

Question 39

Which of the following is probably not one of the motives driving Kobayashi to enter hot dog eating contests?

A) hunger
B) attention
C) fame
D) money
E) none of these

Question 40

Describe the behavior of someone who has achieved self-actualization.

Question 41

Describe how damage to the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (VMH) can change how glucose is regulated in the body.

Question 42

People eat less when they are in a social setting.

Question 43

Describe how leptin acts as a chemical signal to "tell" the brain to stop eating.

Question 44

What 2 chemical that are present in the bloodstream and related to the metabolism of food have been widely studied?

Question 45

"Runner's high" from intense physical activity occurs due to the release of internal substances in the brain known as _____.

A) hallucinogens
B) synthetic compounds
C) narcotics
D) opiates

Question 46

What midbrain structure contains dopamine neurons essential for reinforcement learning?

A) ventral tegmental area
B) basal ganglia
C) pons
D) nucleus accumbens

Question 47

The ventromedial region of the hypothalamus plays a role in satiation.

Question 48

How long can a person survive without food?

A) 10 days
B) 20 days
C) 35 days
D) 40 days

Question 49

What hormone has been linked to the regulation of hunger through the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus?

Question 50

What is the term used to describe the weight at which our adult bodies tend to stabilize at a particular level?

Question 51

Stomach cues that signal us to stop eating are known as __________ cues.

Question 52

The brain circuitry involved in eating is also active in a variety of motivational situations.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of an incentive?

A) money
B) praise
C) social recognition
D) food
E) all of these

Question 54

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, people who engage in selfless, altruistic behavior may have reached ____.

A) safety needs
B) self-actualization
C) basic needs
D) a condition that directs behavior for survival needs

Question 55

According to Maslow's hierarchy, where are basic needs such as eating and drinking located?

A) interspersed through the region
B) at the tangent of the dodecahedron
C) at the apex of the pyramid
D) at the base of the dodecahedron
E) at the base of the pyramid

Question 56

If we did not have biological signals from the stomach, we would never be hungry.

Question 57

What neurotransmitter system is generally associated with rewards?

A) epinephrine
B) dopamine
C) seratonin
D) GABA

Question 58

Which area of the brain is associated with under eating when it is damaged?

A) Ventromedial hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Insular cortex
D) Lateral hypothalamus

Question 59

What term is used to describe the satisfaction derived from simply engaging in a behavior?

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) an incentive
D) a goal

Question 60

Discuss 2 reasons why planning work-related meeting during meal times affect food intake.

Question 61

Martha was a car accident and sustained brain damage that caused her to overeat. What structure was damaged?

A) pons
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
D) thalamus
E) lateral hypothalamus

Question 62

The ventromedial hypothalamus is important for modulating the levels of what hormone?

A) adrenaline
B) insulin
C) dopamine
D) growth

Question 63

People with anorexia have a(n) __________ body image.

Question 64

Jonah was stranded on a desert island in the Pacific. Once his food ran out, he knew that the maximal time he could survive was:

A) 10 days
B) 15 days
C) 25 days
D) 35 days
E) 40 days

Question 65

Mai, age 15, experienced obsessive thoughts about being overweight despite the fact that she ingested fewer than 500 calories per day. What eating disorder are her thoughts indicative of?

A) Bulimia nervosa
B) Anorexia nervosa
C) Obesity
D) Malnutrition

Question 66

When Brett went for a physical exam to determine why he was obese, he was diagnosed with a genetic disorder known as _____.

A) Prader-Willi syndrome
B) Munchausen syndrome
C) Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome
D) Kleinfelters syndrome
E) Downs syndrome

Question 67

Current estimates indicate that nearly __________ percent of the American population is overweight or obese.

Question 68

What surgical technique might a physician use to activate stretch receptors in the stomach?

A) placing a balloon in the stomach
B) removing the stomach
C) reducing arterial flow of blood to the stomach
D) removing a portion of the stomach
E) all of these

Question 69

Statistics suggest that 1 in 50 young women in the United States exhibit symptoms of anorexia.

Question 70

Another name for blood sugar is _____.

A) dopamine
B) lipids
C) glucose
D) collagen

Question 71

When is leptin released in our bodies?

A) after fasting
B) when collagen levels are too low
C) when fat cells grow smaller
D) when fat cells grow larger

Question 72

Describe the psychological effects of bulimia.

Question 73

The body mass index is calculated as a fat-to-muscle ratio.

Question 74

In addition to the physical risks of obesity, name a psychological risk obese individuals are at an increased risk of having.

Question 75

What theory of hunger motivation proposes that activity in the lateral hypothalamus serves to inhibit the ventromedial hypothalamus, and vice versa?

A) incentive
B) arousal
C) instinct
D) dual-center
E) glucose-facilitated

Question 76

What brain structure sends "hunger" signals that cause an animal to eat?

A) pons
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
D) thalamus
E) lateral hypothalamus

Question 77

Describe how the likelihood of overeating can be explained from an evolutionary perspective.

Question 78

What behavioral cycle defines bulimia?

Question 79

Which is the best definition of body mass indexes (BMI) that are categorized as obese?

A) 22 and above
B) 25 and above
C) 27 and above
D) 30 and above

Question 80

What cues are activated by the stretching of receptors in the stomach?

A) hunger
B) obesity
C) satiety
D) defecation
E) none of these