Deck 7: Mental Disorders

Question 1

Mental disorders are more prevalent among adolescents and young adults than among adults over the age of 25.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The majority of countries in the world allocate 1%, or even less, of their annual budgets to mental health.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to Wolff (2007), cost-of-illness estimates regarding mental illness are independent of the costs of medication.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Due to international efforts (such as by the World Health Organization), the proportion of people with mental disorders who receive treatment has increased from 30% to 60% since 1980.

Question 5

As of 2006, Canada was the only G8 nation to lack a national mental health policy.

Question 6

Self-help groups for people with mental disorders act to resist the stigmatization of mental illness as well as inadequate and insufficient care for people with mental illnesses.

Question 7

Physical illnesses are more likely to remain undiagnosed in people with mental disorders, in part because their doctors attribute the physical symptoms being experienced to the mental disorder itself.

Question 8

Half of the ten leading causes of disability in Canada are mental disorders.

Question 9

Rates of mental disorder are higher in women than in men.

Question 10

Although treatment within the community is generally more effective for people with mental disorders, the stigmatization faced within the community leads most people with mental illnesses to prefer treatment within psychiatric institutions.

Question 11

"Madhouses" were developed in the 18th century, after some doctors proposed that treatment could enable people with mental disorders to conform to society's norms.

Question 12

According to some researchers, cost-of-illness estimates regarding mental illness actually reflect negative attitudes toward people with mental disorders.

Question 13

In Canada, approximately 80% of the adult population knows someone with a mental disorder.

Question 14

The World Health Organization's Mental Health Global Action Programme (mhGAP) acts to resist inadequate and insufficient care for people with mental disorders, rather than to resist the stigmatization of mental illness.

Question 15

Although new forms of treatment are continually being developed, effective treatments for mental illness are still only able to help less than half of people with depression or schizophrenia.

Question 16

Policies and programs within the discrimination paradigm focus on the symptoms of mental illness that hinder the individual's effective functioning in daily life

Question 17

People with mental illnesses who live in rural areas have an easier time with recovery than those who live in urban areas, due to the stronger social support networks in rural communities.

Question 18

The hydraulic relationship that exists between the mental health care system and the criminal justice system means that increases in the prison population result in more people receiving treatment for mental disorders.

Question 19

Popular television series contributed to the concept of deinstitutionalization by creating an assumption that the mentally ill have families that are caring and supportive.

Question 20

In Canada, people with mental illnesses are protected from discrimination under human rights legislation.

Question 21

Rosenhan's research ("Being sane in insane places") described the dehumanizing treatment that patients in psychiatric institutions frequently faced, an empirical reflection of Goffman's concept of the total institution.

Question 22

Which of the following factors contributes to the mental disorders that are more common in women?

A) income inequality
B) subordinate social status
C) extensive responsibility for the daily care of others
D) victimization by violence
E) the mental disorders that are more common in women are, in part, the result of all of the factors listed above

Question 23

Ramon is born into an upper-middle class family. At the age of 18, he develops schizophrenia. Because of difficulties with controlling his disorder, he is unable to keep a job, and eventually ends up living in an inner city rooming house. Which of the following hypotheses best explains Ramon's economic experiences?

A) social selection hypothesis
B) social contract hypothesis
C) social subordination hypothesis
D) social causation hypothesis
E) social stigmatization hypothesis

Question 24

Research has found that both sex and race influence psychiatric diagnosis and/or treatment.

Question 25

Which of the following is one of the Common Mental Disorders (CMDs)?

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) anxiety disorder
C) substance abuse personality disorder
D) conduct disorder
E) schizophrenia

Question 26

According to the hypothesis, members of the lower class experience more life stressors, and are therefore more vulnerable to mental illness.

A) social selection
B) social contract
C) social subordination
D) social causation
E) social stigmatization

Question 27

Which of the following statements about patterns of mental illness based on gender and socioeconomic status is true?

A) women of low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression and anxiety, compared to women of high socioeconomic status
B) men of low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression and anxiety, compared to men of high socioeconomic status
C) women and men of low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression and anxiety, compared to women and men of high socioeconomic status
D) men of low socioeconomic status experience similar rates of depression and anxiety as men of high socioeconomic status
E) women of low socioeconomic status experience similar rates of depression and anxiety as women of high socioeconomic status

Question 28

Support for the biological basis of ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) arises from the fact that a similar proportion of children are diagnosed with ADHD in both Britain and North America.

Question 29

Which of the following mental disorders are men more likely than women to experience?

A) major depression
B) minor depression
C) anxiety disorders
D) panic disorder
E) antisocial personality disorder

Question 30

What are the consequences of mental illness?

A) lower incomes
B) higher rates of early marriage
C) higher rates of teen pregnancy
D) greater risk of other physical diseases (e.g. heart disease)
E) mental illness is associated with all of the above consequences

Question 31

Despite the criticisms launched against the DSM, it does have considerable overlap with the diagnostic categories contained in the ICD used by the World Health Organization.

Question 32

According to the hypothesis, people with mental disorders are more likely to fall into the lower classes because of their difficulties in daily functioning.

A) social selection
B) social contract
C) social subordination
D) social causation
E) social stigmatization

Question 33

Barbara is a 35 year old woman. Which of the following mental disorders is she more likely to have, when compared to her 35 year old male neighbour?

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) depression
D) substance abuse dependency disorder
E) either depression or substance abuse personality disorder

Question 34

Why are mental disorders more prevalent among adolescents and young adults?

A) biological factors
B) psychological factors
C) the stresses associated with developing an "adult" role
D) struggles in identity formation during this period in the life cycle
E) biological factors, psychological factors, stress, and struggles in identity formation all contribute to the greater prevalence of mental disorders in this age group

Question 35

In Rosenhan's study ("Being sane in insane places"), 75% of his "pseudo-patients" were released from psychiatric care with a diagnosis of "no detectable mental illness".

Question 36

People with mental disorders are perceived as being unpredictable, violent and
Dangerous. As a result

A) they have difficulty dating.
B) they are unwelcome in neighbourhoods.
C) they are fired or forced to resign .
D) they are abused or harassed by strangers.
E) they may experience any of the above.

Question 37

According to Wolff (2007), what are the problems with cost-of-illness estimates in relation to mental illness?

A) rather than being purely the result of biochemistry, they interact with economic factors
B) rather than being purely the result of biochemistry, they interact with social norms
C) they fail to consider the ways in which people with mental disorders contribute to their families, communities, and society
D) they reflect the negative attitudes about mental illness that pervade society
E) cost-of-illness estimates suffer from all of the above problems

Question 38

What proportion of Canadian university students report significant levels of "psychological distress"?

A) 5%
B) 14%
C) 30%
D) 47%
E) 68%

Question 39

In Rosenhan's study ("Being sane in insane places"), other patients were more accurate than the medical staff in detecting the "sanity" of the pseudo-patients.

Question 40

According to the World Health Organization, what proportion of the world's population is affected by a mental disorder at some point in their lives?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 66%
E) 80%

Question 41

When did the deinstitutionalization movement develop?

A) 17th century
B) 18th century
C) 19th century
D) 1930s
E) 1960s

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness is true?

A) compared to women, men are more likely to be prescribed psychotropic drug
B) compared to White persons, Black persons are more likely to be described by psychiatrists as "dangerous", even when their case summaries are identical
C) compared to Black persons, White persons are more likely to be described by psychiatrists as "dangerous", even when their case summaries are identical
D) race does not influence psychiatric diagnosis
E) sex does not influence psychiatric diagnosis or treatment

Question 43

What proportion of homeless people in North America is estimated to have mental disorders?

A) 25-50%
B) 20-30%
C) 80-90%
D) 10-20%
E) 1-8%

Question 44

The Mental Health Global Action Programme has developed four core strategies to reduce the stigma of mental disorders and to promote the mental health of the population. The strategy of information includes

A) creating an internet-based database .
B) provide guidance on policy development.
C) provide training to mental health researchers.
D) coordinate efforts to educate the public.
E) provide a forum for networking.

Question 45

In contemporary Canada, involuntary admissions to psychiatric institutions are governed by the principle of

A) "protection of society"
B) "least restrictive alternative"
C) "most effective treatment"
D) "cost/benefit analysis"
E) "harm reduction"

Question 46

What consequences does the stigmatization of mental illness have?

A) negative consequences, because it closes the doors of acceptance within the "normal" world
B) negative consequences, because it contributes to self-stigma, which results in a lower likelihood of conforming to treatment regimens
C) positive consequences, because it can improve an individual's self-concept
D) positive consequences, because a label is necessary for effective treatment to be received
E) empirical research has found support for both positive and negative consequences, including all of those listed above

Question 47

John lives in England during the 15th century. He tells people that there are voices inside his head, telling him to hurt his children. How is John likely to be treated?

A) he is likely to be placed in a "madhouse"
B) he is likely to be placed in an "asylum"
C) he is likely to be taken care of by various members of the community
D) he is likely to be placed in prison
E) he is likely to be tortured in order to drive out the demons possessing him

Question 48

Which of the following statements accurately describes Rosenhan's research on psychiatric diagnosis and treatment ("Being sane in insane places")?

A) when the pseudo-patients intercepted staff members to ask them simple questions, more than 70% of the psychiatrists and nursing staff averted their eyes and walked away
B) the fact that the psychiatrists were unable to detect the "sanity" of the pseudo-patients was primarily because the pseudo-patients were not acting "sane" enough
C) other mental patients were even less accurate than the medical staff in detecting the "sanity" of the pseudo-patients
D) most of the pseudo-patients were released with a diagnosis of "no detectable mental illness"
E) all of the statements listed above describe Rosenhan's research

Question 49

Rosenhan's suggestion that the 'tag' of "mentally ill" determined how psychiatric staff interacted with the pseudo-patients in his study, illustrates theory.

A) labelling
B) general strain
C) social bonds
D) pluralist conflict
E) power-reflexive

Question 50

In part, because of Rosenhan's research on psychiatric diagnosis ("Being sane in insane places"),

A) legislation governing involuntary psychiatric admissions became more lenient.
B) the number of mental health advocacy groups declined.
C) important aspects of Lemert's labelling theory were illustrated.
D) the lack of influence of social factors on psychiatric diagnosis was illustrated.
E) new research ethics guidelines were developed to prevent similar research from being done in the future.

Question 51

Differentiate between the two explanations offered for the greater prevalence of mental illness among the lower classes.

Question 52

Apply the three components of the social typing process to the medicalization of mental illness.

Question 53

Describe the hydraulic relationship that Penrose (1939) proposed existed between the mental health care system and the criminal justice system, and discuss the extent to which you believe this relationship still exists in the 21st century.

Question 54

What have been the consequences of the deinstitutionalization movement?

A) a reduction in the number of beds available to the mentally ill
B) higher suicide rates among the mentally ill
C) homelessness or the availability of affordable housing
D) criminal activity among the mentally ill
E) deinstitutionalization has benefitted many people, but others have fallen through the cracks, resulting in fewer mental health beds, higher suicide rates, homelessness, and criminal activity

Question 55

Policies and programs embedded within the emphasize the medicalization of mental illness.

A) disease paradigm
B) stigmatization paradigm
C) discrimination paradigm
D) inclusion paradigm
E) scientific paradigm

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of resistance to the stigmatization of mental illness?

A) the World Health Organization's efforts to increase government funding for mental health research
B) research into new psychopharmaceutical treatments
C) self-help groups providing information about new and effective treatments
D) the World Psychiatric Association's international "Open the Doors" program
E) self-help groups providing information about the negative side effects of certain psychopharmaceutical treatments

Question 57

Policies and programs embedded within the attempt to reduce the extent to which people with mental disorders are treated as outsiders in society.

A) disease paradigm
B) stigmatization paradigm
C) discrimination paradigm
D) inclusion paradigm
E) integration paradigm

Question 58

In Rosenhan's follow-up study on psychiatric diagnosis ("Being sane in insane places"), he told the administrators of a prestigious teaching hospital that within the next three months at least one "pseudo-patient" would attempt to be admitted as a psychiatric patient. During that period of time, hospital staff estimated that out of 191 psychiatric admissions, patients were likely "pseudo-patients"; Rosenhan had actually sent in "pseudo-patients".

A) 2; 8
B) 41; 0
C) 0; 17
D) 11; 11
E) 17; 0

Question 59

How is mental illness portrayed in the media?

A) most TV characters with mental disorders are associated with violence or evil
B) most TV characters with mental disorders are associated with passivity and lack of action
C) most TV characters with mental disorders are portrayed as victims of violence
D) most TV characters with mental disorders are portrayed as incompetent in the workplace
E) most TV characters with mental disorders are portrayed as sexually provocative

Question 60

For what has the DSM been criticized?

A) the inclusion of particular disorders, such as ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
B) methodological shortcomings in its creation
C) the role of power in deciding what is included
D) the fact that the inclusion/elimination of particular disorders in the DSM sometimes comes down to a "majority rules" vote
E) the DSM has faced all of the criticisms listed above

Question 61

Describe the costs of mental illness, and explain why Wolff (2007) suggests that we must approach cost-of-illness estimates with caution. Elaborate upon your opinion of Wolff`s argument, providing support.

Question 62

Describe the process of reinstitutionalization, and explain why it is occurring.

Question 63

List and describe four different ways that mental illness is socially controlled, and indicate whether each of those forms of social control is formal or informal.

Question 64

Describe the deviance dance surrounding mental illness, by discussing how the stigmatization of mental illness is resisted by (a) governments, (b) the medical community, and (c) social organizations.

Question 65

Discuss Rosenhan's (1973) explanation of how social factors and psychiatric biases affect the diagnosis of the mentally ill.

Question 66

Explain how Rosenhan's research ("Being Sane in Insane Places") reinforced Goffman's earlier work on total institutions.

Question 67

Describe who has been helped by deinstitutionalization, and who has been harmed by it. Explain what the consequences are for those people who are harmed by deinstitutionalization.