Deck 37: Animal Reproduction

Question 1

Which reproductive strategy would be the least efficient for animals living in an environment where conditions are relatively stable (e.g. ,in the depths of the ocean)?

A) Budding
B) Gametogenesis
C) Fission
D) Regeneration
E) All are equally efficient.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A human female can expect to

A) ovulate mature eggs from birth until the age of 50.
B) produce only half as many mature gametes in her lifetime as a male.
C) ovulate a diploid ovum approximately every month following puberty.
D) stop being fertile at a younger age than a male.
E) have all the mature ova she will ever have as a fetus or shortly after birth.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below.
In the diagram,mitosis is occurring at label(s)_______,and a cell that is haploid is found at label(s)_______.

A) 1;2
B) 1;3
C) 1 and 4;2 and 3
D) 4;2
E) 4;3

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Sexual reproduction has an advantage over asexual reproduction in that sexual reproduction

A) is more energetically efficient.
B) maintains more favorable combinations of genes.
C) reduces competition.
D) produces more organisms that can survive in a stable environment.
E) creates genetic diversity that can be favorable.

Question 5

In animals,sexual reproduction requires

A) an egg and sperm,each with a diploid number of chromosomes (2n).
B) the production of gametes through mitosis.
C) specialized cells with a haploid number of chromosomes (n).
D) the placement of sperm within the female's reproductive tract.
E) a penis in males and a uterus in females.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below.
If the diagram is showing cells of the sea urchin,then the process taking place at label 1 occurs in _______,and the cell labeled 3 is _______.

A) the ovary and testis of adult females and males;haploid
B) the hermaphroditic gonad of an adult;diploid
C) the gonads of adult males and females;in seawater
D) seawater;diploid
E) the adult gonads;in the uterus of an adult female

Question 7

When you meet a person on the street and quickly assess that person's sex,you are most likely basing your assessment on

A) primary sex organs.
B) secondary sex organs.
C) secondary sexual characteristics.
D) hormones.
E) pheromones.

Question 8

Sexual reproduction has an evolutionary advantage over asexual reproduction because it

A) results in both males and females of a species.
B) is a more lengthy process.
C) promotes genetic variability that copes with changes in the environment.
D) is controlled by many hormonal mechanisms.
E) protects and nurtures the embryo.

Question 9

If a man develops testicular cancer and has the affected testicle removed,an initial consequence of this operation will be

A) absence of mature sperm.
B) lower testosterone levels.
C) absence of testosterone.
D) absence of LH.
E) increased levels of male sex hormone.

Question 10

You are keeping a planarian flatworm in a dish and notice that after a period of time the animal has pulled itself in two and each half has regenerated the lost half.From this you can surmise that the two animals

A) are genetically identical.
B) share the same mitochondrial DNA but not the same nuclear DNA.
C) are the result of sexual reproduction.
D) are haploid.
E) are unable to reproduce sexually.

Question 11

Asexual reproduction

A) occurs in plants but not in animals.
B) creates genetically diverse individuals.
C) is an unsuccessful mode of reproduction.
D) occurs in some animals when they split themselves in two.
E) has advantages over sexual reproduction when the environment is changing.

Question 12

Which structure is a primary reproductive organ found in human males?

A) Scrotum
B) Epididymis
C) Penis
D) Testis
E) Vas deferens

Question 13

The figure below shows meiotic divisions that occur in _______.The number of chromosomes in the cell marked 1 is _______,and the number of chromosomes in the cell marked 2 is _______.

A) germ cells in an ovary;2n;1n
B) developing ova;2n;1n
C) germ cells in a testis;1n;1n
D) developing sperm;2n;2n
E) germ cells in either a testis or ovary;2n;1n

Question 14

In the diagram below of reproductive structures found in a male mammal,sperm that have both an acrosome and flagellum would likely be found in the region(s)marked

A) 1 only.
B) 2 only.
C) 3 only.
D) 2 and 3 only.
E) 1,2,and 3.

Question 15

Which process results in progeny that inherit all their genes from a single parent?

A) Copulation
B) Asexual reproduction
C) Gametogenesis
D) Sexual reproduction
E) Fertilization

Question 16

Which is a secondary sexual characteristic found in human females?

A) Long hair
B) Uterus
C) Ovary
D) Menstruation
E) Lack of facial hair

Question 17

Which cells in the mammalian male reproductive system nourish the developing germ cells as they become sperm?

A) Sertoli cells
B) Leydig cells
C) Epididymal cells
D) Cells lining the vas deferens
E) Cells lining the seminiferous tubules

Question 18

If a male and female rabbit are kept together in a cage,the female rabbit will ovulate

A) once every month,when she enters estrus.
B) when she mates with the male.
C) while she is pregnant.
D) immediately after giving birth when she first sees the male
E) following estrus and before she mates with the male.

Question 19

Generally,among vertebrates

A) cells are haploid during embryonic development and become diploid at birth.
B) cells are diploid during embryonic development and become haploid at birth.
C) cells are diploid during adult life and are haploid as a blastocyst.
D) gametic cells are haploid and somatic cells are diploid.
E) gametic cells are diploid and somatic cells are haploid.

Question 20

In the photographs below,the female(s)is/are labeled _______ and is/are distinguishable by _______.

A) 1;bright coloration
B) 2 and 4;secondary sexual characteristics
C) 2 and 3;primary reproductive organs
D) 2;accessory reproductive organs
E) 4;accessory reproductive structures

Question 21

Unlike spermatogenesis,oogenesis in humans

A) is continuous over the life of the person.
B) begins prenatally.
C) produces four haploid gametes from a single germ cell.
D) occurs at a rapid rate.
E) results in swimming cells.

Question 22

At birth,a female has about one million oocytes in each ovary.If a woman's fertile years are between the ages of 10 and 50,and she has two pregnancies during this time,about _______ of these oocytes will mature and be released at ovulation over her lifetime.

A) 150
B) 450
C) 600
D) 800
E) 1,500

Question 23

Suppose you incubate American alligator eggs in order to hatch out a brood of baby alligators.You carefully set the temperature of the incubator at 35°C and keep it steady throughout the incubation period.You can expect that the baby alligators that hatch will

A) have a 50/50 sex ratio of males to females.
B) not survive.
C) hatch as males but later switch to being female.
D) hatch as females but later switch to being male.
E) be almost exclusively of one sex.

Question 24

Any larval fish will die if it

A) hatches before it can feed.
B) is not fed by a parent.
C) hatches before it is an adult.
D) hatches as a feeding larva.
E) cannot find food after using up its yolk.

Question 25

Which statement about blocks to polyspermy in sea urchins is false?

A) The fast block causes release of the acrosomal enzymes.
B) Blocks to polyspermy prevent more than one sperm from entering an egg.
C) The fast block occurs before the slow block.
D) Blocks to polyspermy are triggered by fusion of the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg.
E) The slow block to polyspermy takes about a minute to be put into place.

Question 26

If you catch a mallard duck,what specific features could you use to determine if the duck you caught is male?

A) Bright coloration
B) Bright coloration and an external penis
C) Dull coloration
D) Dull coloration and an external penis
E) Penis and scrotal sac

Question 27

A cell containing only half the normal number of chromosomes is found in a female's ovary,yet those chromosomes show signs of having undergone one meiotic division.Oddly,it also has essentially no cytoplasm.This cell is almost certainly a(n)

A) polar body.
B) oocyte.
C) follicle cell.
D) mitotic germ cell.
E) somatic cell.

Question 28

A prevailing view concerning human oocytes is that

A) by birth,the human female infant has produced a lifetime supply of oocytes.
B) at the onset of puberty,ovarian follicles produce new oocytes in response to hormonal stimulation.
C) at the onset of menopause,a woman stops producing oocytes.
D) oocytes are produced by a woman throughout adolescence.
E) oocytes produced by a woman are stored in the oviducts.

Question 29

Which environment would be the most likely to provide examples of animals that reproduce by external fertilization?

A) Forest floor
B) Tree canopy
C) Desert
D) Rapids of a stream
E) Ocean

Question 30

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

A) spermatogenesis produces gametes with greater stores of raw materials than those produced by oogenesis.
B) developing sperm remain in prophase of the first meiotic division longer than oocytes do.
C) oogenesis produces four equally functional haploid cells per meiotic event and spermatogenesis does not.
D) spermatogenesis produces many gametes with meager energy reserves,whereas oogenesis produces relatively few,well-provisioned gametes.
E) spermatogenesis begins before birth in humans,whereas oogenesis does not start until the onset of puberty.

Question 31

A penis is found in

A) all male animals.
B) all organisms except for hermaphrodites.
C) mostly species with external fertilization.
D) mostly species with internal fertilization.
E) mostly species that spawn their gametes.

Question 32

The end result of spermatogenesis is the production of four haploid sperm from a single diploid germ cell.The end result of oogenesis is the production of _______ from a single diploid germ cell.

A) four haploid ova
B) two haploid ova
C) one haploid ovum
D) one diploid ovum
E) two diploid ova

Question 33

When a woman has eggs harvested from her ovaries for in vitro fertilization,a physician uses laparoscopy to examine the surface of her ovaries,looking for any large blister-like structure about 2 cm in diameter.Contained within the blister is a(n)_______;this procedure would be done _______ of her menstrual cycle.

A) corpus luteum;just past the midpoint
B) primary follicle;on the last day
C) germ cell in mitotic arrest;on the fourteenth day
D) ovum in mitosis;on the first day
E) oocyte;at the midpoint

Question 34

In the mammalian testis,male sex hormones are produced by the

A) Leydig cells.
B) epididymis.
C) scrotum.
D) seminiferous tubules.
E) vas deferens.

Question 35

The female _______ provides nutrients to developing embryos within its reproductive tract.

A) purple sea urchin
B) hammerhead shark
C) Pacific salmon
D) anemonefish
E) coral

Question 36

You find a leathery egg casing attached to the substrate in the ocean.You do not know what organism laid the egg,but you find an animal embryo developing inside.From what you have observed,you can conclude that the embryo will develop into an organism that

A) uses external fertilization.
B) spawns gametes.
C) uses internal fertilization.
D) is a terrestrial animal.
E) receives parental care until hatching.

Question 37

If a man develops a large epididymal cyst that requires removal,the surgeon will most likely make an incision in the man's _______ to remove the cyst.If the entire epididymis is removed,then the man will likely _______.

A) abdomen;be sterile
B) abdomen;be fertile but produce a mix of mature and immature sperm
C) penis;be sterile
D) scrotum;be sterile
E) scrotum;be fertile but produce a reduced quantity of mature sperm

Question 38

One male germ cell produces _______ gamete(s);one female germ cell produces _______ gamete(s).

A) one;one
B) one;two
C) one;four
D) two;one
E) four;one

Question 39

What is the correct order of the structures through which sperm pass in the human male from the time they are produced to ejaculation?

A) Vas deferens,seminiferous tubules,epididymis,urethra
B) Epididymis,seminiferous tubules,vas deferens,urethra
C) Seminiferous tubules,vas deferens,epididymis,urethra
D) Seminiferous tubules,epididymis,vas deferens,urethra
E) Vas deferens,urethra,epididymis,seminiferous tubules

Question 40

You are a genetic counselor presented with a case in which a woman's cells,upon genetic analysis,are found to carry a Y chromosome.A likely explanation for why this woman is not phenotypically male is that

A) her genotype is XXY.
B) her Y chromosome is missing the SRY gene.
C) she inherited two X chromosomes from her biological mother.
D) she inherited both an X and Y chromosome from her biological father.
E) she was exposed to higher than normal temperatures in utero.

Question 41

In humans,the blastocyst normally implants within the

A) vas deferens.
B) ovarian follicle tissue.
C) endometrium of the uterus.
D) myometrium of the vagina.
E) cervix.

Question 42

While snorkeling over a coral reef in the ocean,you spot a group of anemonefish swimming among the tentacles of a single sea anemone.You can expect that in this group

A) most of the fish are female.
B) the largest fish is male.
C) a female fish will become male if the largest fish is removed.
D) the fish are genetically identical,being clones of one another.
E) a male fish will become female if the breeding female dies.

Question 43

In mammals,if the egg is not fertilized following ovulation,the follicle cells of the corpus luteum

A) degenerate.
B) move with the egg into the oviduct.
C) develop an antrum.
D) start secreting LH.
E) begin to develop a new egg.

Question 44

The immediate trigger for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum in a human is

A) a peak in estrogen.
B) a peak in luteinizing hormone.
C) a peak in progesterone.
D) the presence of sperm in the reproductive tract.
E) the readiness of the endometrial lining in the uterus.

Question 45

Which statement about the ovarian and uterine cycles in a mammal is false?

A) Falling estrogen and progesterone levels induce menstruation.
B) A sudden rise in LH induces ovulation.
C) Estrogen levels rise in the first half of the ovarian cycle and progesterone levels rise in the second half.
D) If fertilization occurs,the corpus luteum secretes hCG.
E) Estrogen is produced by follicle cells.

Question 46

When a woman chooses to use in vitro fertilization to achieve a pregnancy,she must take a drug that causes her to superovulate-meaning that her ovaries are stimulated to release more than one egg in a month.An effective drug for this purpose would be one that

A) increases the secretion of LH from the ovary.
B) increases the secretion of FSH from the ovary.
C) decreases the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.
D) increases the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.
E) decreases the secretion of LH and FSH.

Question 47

Which of the following is the most likely advantage of hermaphroditism?

A) For a given species,every organism is a potential mate.
B) As compared to species with two distinct sexes,hermaphrodites require simpler behavior patterns for mate selection.
C) More rapid reproduction of genetically successful individuals is possible through asexual reproduction as compared to sexual reproduction.
D) Complex hormonal control and feedback mechanisms are not required for reproduction.
E) It requires fewer accessory organs for release of gametes in a single individual.

Question 48

What is the principal difference between menstrual and estrous cycles?

A) The estrous cycle occurs if the female becomes pregnant,whereas the menstrual cycle occurs if the female is not pregnant.
B) The menstrual cycle occurs if the female becomes pregnant,whereas the estrous cycle occurs if the female is not pregnant.
C) The estrous cycle lacks menstruation.
D) The menstrual cycle occurs in mammals,whereas the estrous cycle occurs in birds.
E) Only the menstrual cycle is controlled by estrogen.

Question 49

In primates,follicles do not mature as long as the corpus luteum is maintained because

A) the hormones released from the corpus luteum inhibit LH and FSH secretion.
B) the hormones released from the corpus luteum inhibit ovarian secretion.
C) the ovary receives negative feedback from the endometrial lining of the uterus.
D) the ovary receives negative feedback as long as the egg is viable.
E) new follicle development depends upon the hormones released from the corpus luteum.

Question 50

Over-the-counter pregnancy tests detect the presence of

A) human chorionic gonadotropin.
B) follicle-stimulating hormone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) estrogen.
E) progesterone.

Question 51

Progesterone and estrogen are hormones produced by the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) Sertoli cells.
D) hypothalamus.
E) corpus luteum.

Question 52

A woman is wondering if she might be pregnant.She knows that the most reliable pregnancy test (done in a doctor's office)can detect a pregnancy about 4 days after the embryo arrives in the uterus.The earliest time at which she could expect an accurate result from this test would be _______ after the day of possible fertilization.

A) 4 days
B) 6 days
C) 8 days
D) 2 weeks
E) 3 weeks

Question 53

In mammals,the egg is propelled through the oviduct by means of

A) cilia on its surface.
B) its flagellum.
C) uterine contractions.
D) cilia lining the oviduct.
E) amoeboid motion.

Question 54

What is the correct sequence of structures through which a mammalian sperm passes before fertilizing an egg?

A) Uterus,vagina,cervix,oviduct,ovary
B) Vagina,cervix,uterus,oviduct
C) Oviduct,uterus,vagina,ovary,body cavity
D) Vagina,cervix,oviduct,uterus
E) Vagina,uterus,oviduct,body cavity

Question 55

The hormone that normally triggers mammalian ovulation is

A) progesterone.
B) follicle-stimulating hormone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) estrogen.
E) prolactin.

Question 56

In primates,a corpus luteum that is secreting hormones initiates a sequence of events that prevents new follicles from developing.Which statement about this sequence is true?

A) Progesterone from the corpus luteum induces release of GnRH in a positive feedback loop.
B) Estrogen from the corpus luteum induces the hypothalamus to release GnRH.
C) FSH from the corpus luteum inhibits release of GnRH in a negative feedback loop.
D) LH from the corpus luteum inhibits release of GnRH in a negative feedback loop.
E) Estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum inhibit release of GnRH,which results in a suppression of FSH and LH secretion.

Question 57

In the early half of the human menstrual cycle,before ovulation,the steroid hormone at its highest level in the blood is

A) estrogen.
B) follicle-stimulating hormone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) progesterone.
E) testosterone.

Question 58

The two anterior pituitary gonadotropins that coordinate human female reproductive events are _______ and _______.

A) follicle-stimulating hormone;estrogen
B) estrogen;progesterone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone;progesterone
D) luteinizing hormone;progesterone
E) luteinizing hormone;follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 59

Hermaphrodites are organisms that

A) are exclusively terrestrial.
B) are unable to breed.
C) develop offspring from unfertilized eggs.
D) produce both male and female gametes.
E) have abnormal accessory organs.

Question 60

You are dissecting a worm and find that it has two sets of gonads,one set containing eggs and the other set containing sperm.You most likely have found a worm that

A) is undergoing metamorphosis.
B) is a sequential hermaphrodite.
C) can function as a male and female simultaneously.
D) is in a larval stage.
E) can mate with only females of its own species.

Question 61

Which birth control method prevents ovulation?

A) Vasectomy
B) Intrauterine device
C) Condom
D) Rhythm method
E) "The pill" containing hormones

Question 62

A vasectomy is a minor operation that involves cutting the _______ and tying off the loose ends.

A) epididymis
B) urethra
C) oviduct
D) vas deferens
E) seminiferous tubules

Question 63

Which contraceptive method has a success rate greater than 90 percent?

A) Spermicidal jellies
B) Condoms
C) Diaphragms
D) Oral hormones ("the pill")
E) Rhythm method

Question 64

Of the methods listed,which is the most effective form of birth control?

A) Vasectomy
B) Condom
C) Intrauterine device
D) Rhythm method
E) Birth control pill

Question 65

In a healthy human male,semen contains a number of substances,including

A) mucus from the bulbourethral glands.
B) fructose from the bulbourethral glands.
C) clear mucus from the seminal vesicles.
D) seminal fluid from the bulbourethral glands.
E) sperm from the prostate gland.

Question 66

Of the methods of contraception listed,which one also helps prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases?

A) Diaphragm
B) Spermicide
C) Condom
D) IUD
E) Birth control pill

Question 67

When a woman breastfeeds an infant,the breastfeeding itself causes her uterus to contract and stimulates her breasts to make and release milk.Breastfeeding,therefore,causes

A) inhibition of GnRH release from the anterior pituitary.
B) release of oxytocin and prolactin from the pituitary.
C) release of oxytocin from the anterior pituitary and ovary.
D) inhibition of FSH and LH release from the hypothalamus.
E) release of prolactin from the corpus luteum.

Question 68

Mifepristone,often called RU-486,is a drug that can be taken to prevent a pregnancy after unprotected sex.This drug blocks progesterone receptors.Therefore,its most direct mode of action to prevent pregnancy is to

A) prevent the secretion of estrogen.
B) prevent the thickened endometrium from being maintained.
C) induce the secretion of LH from the corpus luteum.
D) induce a sudden increase in the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary.
E) prevent secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Question 69

Contractions of muscles in the uterine wall and milk release from mammary glands are stimulated by

A) progesterone.
B) estrogen.
C) prolactin.
D) oxytocin.
E) human chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 70

Injections of which hormone will induce labor in a pregnant woman?

A) Estrogen
B) Human chorionic gonadotropin
C) Progesterone
D) Oxytocin
E) Prolactin

Question 71

Which method of contraception prevents the egg from entering the uterus?

A) Coitus interruptus
B) Condom
C) Spermicide
D) Diaphragm
E) Tubal ligation

Question 72

If the hypothalamus in a human male does not produce GnRH in normal amounts,

A) his sperm are functional but he is unable to ejaculate.
B) his sperm develop multiple flagella.
C) the fluid needed to lubricate his urethra for sperm travel is defective.
D) his semen lacks the fructose fuel needed for the sperm to swim.
E) his Leydig cells do not make the testosterone needed to stimulate spermatogenesis.

Question 73

After spermatogenesis in humans,sperm cells are generally stored in the

A) spermatophore.
B) prostate gland.
C) vas deferens.
D) seminiferous tubule.
E) epididymis.

Question 74

The intrauterine device is a means of birth control that prevents

A) ovulation.
B) fertilization.
C) implantation.
D) ejaculation.
E) sperm from reaching the egg.

Question 75

Female silkworm moths lay fertilized eggs in the autumn.These eggs hatch in the spring

A) if they have experienced at least two months of cold temperatures (5°C or less).
B) after steady but slow development over the winter months.
C) as long as the winter is mild.
D) as long as they have been incubated in a warm cocoon during the intervening months.
E) on the first day after a full moon when temperatures have reached 30°C.

Question 76

The physiological mechanism for erection of the penis in human males is the

A) contraction of skeletal muscle.
B) contraction of smooth muscles.
C) engorgement of spongy tissue.
D) emission of glandular fluid.
E) accumulation of intercellular fluid.

Question 77

If a man is infertile due to a low sperm count,what simple change could result in his becoming fertile?

A) Wearing warmer clothes
B) Wearing loose instead of tight pants
C) Eating foods containing fructose instead of sucrose
D) Eating foods containing sucrose
E) Increasing his caffeine consumption

Question 78

If you caught a female blue crab and kept it by itself in an aquarium,you might be surprised to find egg masses being laid by the crab for months after you captured it.The most likely explanation for this is that this crab

A) uses external fertilization.
B) is able to store sperm for months.
C) utilizes delayed implantation.
D) is semelparous.
E) utilizes embryonic diapause.

Question 79

If the seminal vesicles in a human male are defective,

A) his sperm are functional,but they are unable to travel through the vas deferens.
B) his sperm lack functional flagella.
C) the fluid needed to lubricate his ureter for sperm travel is defective.
D) his semen lacks the fructose fuel needed for the sperm to swim.
E) his Leydig cells do not make the testosterone needed to stimulate spermatogenesis.

Question 80

Which method of contraception is most likely to fail?

A) Rhythm method
B) Birth control pill
C) Vasectomy
D) Diaphragm
E) Condom