Deck 35: Nervous and Endocrine Control

Question 1

Which outcome is not one of the effects of castration?

A) High voices in adult male singers
B) Increased body and facial hair in men
C) Lack of comb on male chickens
D) Increased docility in male farm animals
E) Abnormal adolescent muscular and skeletal development

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Steroid hormones

A) are produced only by the adrenal cortex.
B) bind only to receptors on the cell surface.
C) are water-soluble.
D) act by binding to mRNA inside the target cell.
E) act by altering gene expression in the target cell.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which chemical grouping does not include hormones?

A) Steroids
B) Proteins
C) Peptides
D) Carbohydrates
E) Amines

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A researcher analyzing the likelihood that a cell will be responsive to a lipid-soluble hormone should search for the presence of

A) a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
B) a specific cell-surface receptor.
C) cAMP.
D) G proteins.
E) a specific DNA sequence to which the hormone binds.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions :
A castaway on a desert island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean,hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.
In endocrine signaling,the message is analogous to a(n)

A) nerve cell.
B) artery.
C) carrier protein.
D) hormone.
E) receptor.

Question 6

The sex hormones secreted by the gonads (and to a small extent by the adrenal gland)are synthesized from

A) complex carbohydrates.
B) amino acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) hemoglobin.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 7

Which statement about steroid hormones is true?

A) They bind with receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.
B) They usually bind to carrier proteins before being transported in the blood to their target cells.
C) They are synthesized from epinephrine in the adrenal gland.
D) They are released by exocytosis from the cells that make them.
E) They are mostly derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 8

Which statement about hormones is false?

A) Hormones are analogous to on-off switches.
B) Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
C) Hormone levels are determined by the relative rates of hormone release and hormone removal from the blood stream.
D) Hormones act over a period of time,as measured by their half-life.
E) Several receptors may mediate actions of a single hormone.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions :
A castaway on a desert island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean,hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.
In endocrine signaling,the castaway is analogous to a(n)

A) nerve cell.
B) artery.
C) carrier protein.
D) the blood
E) gland.

Question 10

_______ are transported an intermediate distance by the blood.

A) Hormones
B) Pheromones
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Autocrines
E) Paracrines

Question 11

A gardener who wants to protect his rose bushes from being eaten by Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica)decides to hang a trap containing a chemical that attracts the beetles.What type of signaling chemical would best serve this purpose?

A) Hormone
B) Pheromone
C) Neurosecretory hormone
D) Neurotransmitter
E) Paracrine signaling molecule

Question 12

Which statement about hormones is false?

A) The same hormone can cause different responses in different types of cells.
B) Whenever a hormone encounters a cell with a receptor to which it can bind,it does bind.
C) The receptor for a hormone may be on the secreting cell itself.
D) The receptor for a hormone may be in the plasma membrane or inside the cell.
E) Hormones are secreted through ducts.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions :
A castaway on a desert island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean,hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.
In endocrine signaling,the ocean is analogous to

A) nerve cells.
B) the blood.
C) a carrier protein.
D) a hormone.
E) a receptor.

Question 14

Endocrine control

A) predominantly controls fine,rapid movements of discrete skeletal muscles.
B) uses neurotransmitters.
C) is slow and broadcast.
D) is fast and addressed.
E) utilizes signals that end rapidly.

Question 15

If you want to make a name for yourself in science by identifying an entirely new class of hormone,on which chemical grouping should you focus?

A) Steroids
B) Proteins
C) Peptides
D) Carbohydrates
E) Amines

Question 16

The complex formed when a steroid hormone binds to a cytoplasmic receptor

A) must first be activated by an intracellular signaling cascade.
B) translocates to the nucleus.
C) translocates to the Golgi apparatus.
D) phosphorylates targets in the cytoplasm.
E) phosphorylates targets in the nucleus.

Question 17

Hormones are secreted by

A) endocrine glands.
B) individual cells,such as those lining portions of the digestive tract.
C) exocrine glands.
D) neurons.
E) blood cells.

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions :
A castaway on a desert island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean,hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.
In endocrine signaling,the bottle is analogous to a(n)

A) carrier molecule.
B) artery.
C) nerve cell.
D) hormone.
E) receptor.

Question 19

Which statement about the endocrine system is false?

A) Target cells have the appropriate receptors for binding a particular hormone.
B) Some endocrine cells exist as scattered single cells within a tissue.
C) Endocrine glands have ducts that lead to the outside of the body.
D) Hormones travel in the blood to target cells.
E) Some hormones are proteins.

Question 20

The nervous and endocrine systems

A) have opposing functions.
B) have redundant functions.
C) serve only to control each other's processes.
D) both produce chemicals that have very long-range effects.
E) work together and can affect each other.

Question 21

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below showing the posterior pituitary.
The structures labeled 2 in the diagram

A) are part of the portal system between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
B) carry essential nutrients to the posterior pituitary.
C) release tropic hormones.
D) d.transport vesicles containing the hormones that eventually enter the bloodstream at label 1.
E) are axons that stimulate cells in the posterior pituitary to synthesize and then secrete hormones.

Question 22

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below.
Which label is not correct?

A) 1 - Anterior pituitary
B) 2 - Afferent or inflowing artery
C) 3 - Portal blood vessels
D) 4 - Posterior pituitary
E) 5 - Hypothalamic neurons

Question 23

Which statement about the regulation of hormone receptors is false?

A) Continuous high levels of a hormone can decrease the numbers of its receptors.
B) Type II diabetes is characterized by a decreased expression of insulin receptors.
C) Increased expression of receptors can occur when the levels of hormone secretion are suppressed.
D) The abundance of receptors for a hormone can be under feedback control.
E) Hormone receptor expression is always constant.

Question 24

Which response would likely not be observed in a person injected with epinephrine?

A) Increased response of heart muscles
B) Activation of G proteins
C) Increased glucose mobilization
D) Faster heart rate
E) Sudden feeling of fatigue

Question 25

Which statement is true of all hormones?

A) They are secreted by glands.
B) There are corresponding receptors on cell surfaces.
C) They stimulate different responses in different cells.
D) They act at very low blood concentrations.
E) There is a specific gene that codes for each hormone.

Question 26

Which effect is caused by increased levels of antidiuretic hormone in the blood?

A) Letdown of milk from mammary tissues
B) Uterine contractions during childbirth
C) Water conservation by the kidney
D) Production of somatomedins by the liver
E) Production of enkephalins by the hypothalamus

Question 27

A signal that needs to affect many cell types

A) may bind to multiple receptor types.
B) will bind only to extracellular receptors.
C) is a neurotransmitter.
D) is released by exocrine cells.
E) is a steroid hormone.

Question 28

Which pair incorrectly matches a pituitary hormone with its target organ?

A) Oxytocin - mammary glands
B) Antidiuretic hormone - kidney
C) Follicle stimulating hormone - ovary
D) Luteinizing hormone - liver
E) Thyroid-stimulating hormone - thyroid

Question 29

A wireless-network router links a hard-wired desktop with a laptop by transmitting a signal across a distance.This linkage of two distinct systems makes the router analogous to the

A) pituitary gland and its targets.
B) hypothalamus and its targets.
C) islets of Langerhans and the thalamus.
D) ovaries.
E) testes.

Question 30

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below.
Which hormone is paired correctly with the site of its synthesis?

A) ACTH - 5
B) GnRH - 1
C) Growth hormone - 5
D) Corticotropin releasing hormone - 1
E) Thyroid stimulating hormone - 1

Question 31

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below.
The small black dots labeled 7 could be any of the following except for

A) corticotropin (ACTH).
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
D) luteinizing hormone (LH).
E) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 32

The uterine contractions known as "labor pains" are caused by the release of _______ from the posterior pituitary.

A) ADH
B) parathyroid hormone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) oxytocin
E) prolactin

Question 33

Which outcome is an effect of oxytocin?

A) Letdown of milk from mammary tissues
B) Increased reabsorption of water in the kidney
C) Stimulation of tropic hormone release
D) Increased enzyme production by the hypothalamus
E) Increased rate of ovulation

Question 34

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) thymus.
C) pineal gland.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thyroid.

Question 35

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below showing the posterior pituitary.
Which statement concerning the hormones represented by the dots leaving in the bloodstream at label 1 is false?

A) One of the hormones is found in both birds and mammals.
B) One of the hormones stimulates uterine contractions.
C) One of the hormones stimulates the flow of milk.
D) One of the hormones is involved in water conservation by the kidney.
E) Each hormone exerts control over other endocrine glands.

Question 36

Which hormone is not a tropic hormone?

A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
E) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 37

Which hormone is secreted by neurosecretory cells?

A) Insulin
B) Oxytocin
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 38

Newborn kittens can often be observed bumping their heads against their mother's belly before they begin nursing.This behavior likely stimulates the release of _______ in the mother.

A) oxytocin
B) prolactin
C) parathyroid hormone
D) ADH
E) luteinizing hormone

Question 39

In cases of type II diabetes mellitus,continuous high concentrations of insulin have resulted in

A) the excretion of insulin.
B) increased insulin breakdown.
C) decreased insulin binding by target cells.
D) increased insulin binding by cells.
E) decreased synthesis of insulin.

Question 40

The neurohormones vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH)and oxytocin are produced by the

A) anterior pituitary and released by the posterior pituitary.
B) hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.
C) pituitary and send signals to the hypothalamus.
D) hypothalamus and send signals to the brain.
E) pituitary and send signals to the reproductive organs.

Question 41

Which hormone is a type of female sex steroid?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 42

The parathyroid glands are involved in regulation of blood levels of

A) glucose.
B) iodine.
C) sodium.
D) thyroxine.
E) calcium.

Question 43

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 44

Which hormone is released rapidly in response to immediate stress?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 45

Parathyroid cells are inhibited from synthesizing and releasing PTH when circulating calcium levels are high.When calcium levels fall,the inhibition is removed,PTH is synthesized and released,and calcium levels rise in the blood until the parathyroid cells are once again inhibited.This process is an example of

A) negative feedback.
B) induction.
C) down regulation.
D) up regulation.
E) positive feedback.

Question 46

Which condition would signal the pituitary to reduce ACTH release?

A) Increased levels of ACTH
B) Decreased levels of ACTH
C) Increased levels of cortisol
D) Decreased levels of cortisol
E) Decreased activity of the adrenal cortex

Question 47

Which hormone supports pregnancy?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 48

Which hormone is not paired correctly with its target organs?

A) Prolactin - mammary glands
B) Parathyroid hormone - bones
C) Oxytocin - adrenal glands
D) ADH - kidneys
E) Luteinizing hormone - gonads

Question 49

The basketball star Yao Ming is 7-feet,6-inches tall.Which hormone is most implicated in his unusual height?

A) Oxytocin
B) Prolactin
C) ADH
D) Growth hormone
E) Epinephrine

Question 50

Which hormone helps mediate long-term metabolic response to stress?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 51

Under which condition would a mammal tend to increase thyroxine levels?

A) Following childbirth in a female
B) During illness and fever
C) When blood glucose levels are high
D) When exposed to cold
E) During sleep and rest

Question 52

The adrenal medulla produces the hormone

A) epinephrine.
B) aldosterone.
C) cholesterol.
D) cortisol.
E) adrenocorticotropin.

Question 53

Some hormones control the activities of other endocrine glands.Which hormone does not have such a function?

A) Prothoracicotropic hormone
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) Luteinizing hormone
D) Growth hormone
E) Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 54

In addition to producing thyroxine,the mammalian thyroid gland produces

A) adrenaline.
B) calcitonin.
C) iodine.
D) prolactin.
E) thyrotropin.

Question 55

Which hormone is a steroidal hormone synthesized from cholesterol?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 56

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are

A) steroids.
B) proteins.
C) water-soluble.
D) carbohydrates.
E) tropic hormones.

Question 57

Which hormone stimulates cells to use glucose as a metabolic fuel and to convert excess glucose into fat and glycogen storage?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 58

Which statement about growth hormone is false?

A) It stimulates cells to make proteins.
B) It is a tropic hormone.
C) Its expression is controlled by releasing hormones.
D) Its release is influenced by neurohormones of the hypothalamus.
E) It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 59

Which hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Progesterone
E) Cortisol

Question 60

Portal blood vessels connect the _______ to the _______.

A) hypothalamus;brain
B) hypothalamus;posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus;anterior pituitary
D) anterior pituitary;posterior pituitary
E) pancreas;liver

Question 61

A novel chemical signal that reaches and affects many different types of cells in the body through the circulatory system is discovered.This chemical is most probably released from _______ cells.

Question 62

Insect prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

A) directly stimulates molting if food reserves are adequate.
B) inhibits molting until the insect is a certain size.
C) inhibits insect growth.
D) stimulates the corpora cardiaca to release ecdysone.
E) stimulates the prothoracic gland to release ecdysone.

Question 63

Which type of goiter (enlarged thyroid)can be reduced by the addition of iodine to the diet?

A) Hyperthyroid goiter,in which thyroxine does not turn off the pituitary's secretion of TSH
B) Hyperthyroid goiter,in which the thyroid is activated by high levels of thyroxine
C) Hypothyroid goiter,involving low functional thyroxine levels and high thyrotropin levels
D) Hypothyroid goiter,involving high functional thyroxine levels and low thyrotropin levels
E) All types of goiter

Question 64

PTH

A) stimulates osteoblasts to lay down new bone.
B) reduces blood calcium levels.
C) stimulates calcitonin release.
D) is produced by the thyroid gland.
E) is released when blood calcium levels fall.

Question 65

Which statement about mammalian embryonic sexual differentiation is true?

A) Concerted actions of the X and Y chromosomes cause the undifferentiated gonad to become male.
B) A steady high level of estrogens causes the undifferentiated gonad to become female.
C) The absence of estrogens causes the undifferentiated gonad to become male.
D) The absence of androgens causes the undifferentiated gonad to become female.
E) The X chromosome alone causes the undifferentiated gonad to become female.

Question 66

Which hormone directly stimulates molting in an insect larva?

A) Brain hormone
B) Ecdysone
C) Juvenile hormone
D) Moltin
E) Prolactin

Question 67

The hormone responsible for releasing calcium from bone into the bloodstream is

A) insulin.
B) calcitonin.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) thyroxine.
E) somatostatin.

Question 68

Glands that secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid are called _______ glands.

Question 69

Malfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the human adult can result in

A) cretinism.
B) diabetes.
C) dwarfism.
D) goiter.
E) hermaphroditism.

Question 70

_______ affects levels of sodium ions in the blood stream.

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 71

The effects of castration prior to sexual maturation led to the discovery of _______ as the key substance that controls the development of male characteristics.

Question 72

The invertebrate hormone prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

A) is secreted from glands in the thorax.
B) integrates information detected by the brain with the control of molting.
C) plays no role in molting and metamorphosis.
D) is secreted only in adulthood.
E) is required in large quantities to have an effect.

Question 73

The axons of neurons make functional _______ with only certain target cells.

Question 74

Which of the following represents the correct chronological order of events in the molting and development of an insect?

A) Ecdysone release,juvenile hormone levels determine form (juvenile or adult),prothoracicotropic hormone release
B) Prothoracicotropic hormone release,ecdysone release,juvenile hormone levels determine form (juvenile or adult)
C) Juvenile hormone levels determine form (juvenile or adult),ecdysone release,prothoracicotropic hormone release
D) Prothoracicotropic hormone release,juvenile hormone levels determine form (juvenile or adult),ecdysone release
E) Ecdysone release,prothoracicotropic hormone release,juvenile hormone levels determine form (juvenile or adult)

Question 75

Experiments with insects showed that the target for prothoracicotropic hormone is the

A) prothoracic gland.
B) pupa.
C) larva.
D) corpora cardiaca.
E) corpora allata.

Question 76

Which event is the earliest to occur in puberty?

A) The hypothalamus releases increased levels of GnRH.
B) The level of circulating androgens rises in males.
C) The menstrual cycle is initiated in females.
D) The gonads differentiate into testes or ovaries.
E) The hypothalamic GnRH-producing cells become more sensitive to negative feedback from sex steroids and gonadotropins.

Question 77

Juvenile hormone can be used by humans as an effective control of insect populations because it causes

A) juvenile insects to die.
B) insects to fail to molt.
C) insects to fail to develop into reproducing adults.
D) even tiny insects to pupate immediately.
E) insects to molt too quickly.

Question 78

Which hormone lowers blood calcium?

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Thyroxine
C) Calcitonin
D) Oxytocin
E) Vasopressin

Question 79

Which condition does not contributes to the development of goiter?

A) Inadequate iodine in the diet
B) Autoimmune antibodies that stimulate the TSH receptor
C) Lack of feedback from circulating T₃ and T₄
D) Overproduction of the amino acid tyrosine
E) Abundant iodine in the diet

Question 80

Which statement about sex steroids is false?

A) Gonads produce hormones and gametes.
B) Absence of the X chromosome causes the embryonic gonads of mammals to produce androgens.
C) Sex steroids are produced at low levels by the gonads in childhood.
D) The human embryo has the potential to develop into either a male or a female until the gonads begin producing testosterone.
E) Sex steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex.