Deck 29: Fundamentals of Animal Function

Question 1

Homeotherms invest energy to maintain a constant body temperature across most of the range of environmental temperatures they encounter,except in the range of environmental temperatures

A) that allow them to sweat.
B) that constitute their thermoneutral zone.
C) above 45°C.
D) they encounter at night.
E) below 0°C.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which animal is likely to have the lowest BMR?

A) Meadow vole
B) Gray squirrel
C) Fox
D) African lion
E) Asian elephant

Answer 2

E

Question 3

As the environmental temperature in a closed,empty chamber increases (from 15°C up to 25°C),the internal temperature of a conformer such as a lizard _______,and that of a regulator such as a mouse _______.

A) increases;increases
B) decreases;increases
C) increases;stays the same
D) decreases;decreases
E) stays the same;decreases

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which organism(s)is/are not heterotrophic?

A) A shark
B) A cactus
C) Bacteria that break down dead tissues for nutrients
D) A woodpecker
E) A fungus that dissolves the roots of a dead tree

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
According to the graph,what will happen to the rate of O₂ consumption in a person running at a speed of about 120 meters per minute who increases their speed to about 240 meters per minute?

A) It will almost double.
B) It will remain constant.
C) It will almost be tripled.
D) It will be decreased by about half.
E) It will be decreased by about a third.

Question 6

Which of the following does not describe an organismal level of organization?

A) Organs joining together into an organ system
B) Specialized cells forming a tissue
C) Atoms combining to make proteins
D) Tissues forming an organ,such as the stomach
E) Organ systems forming a network of interacting systems

Question 7

Within any particular group of animals (e.g. ,sharks,hummingbirds,cats),the metabolic rate per gram of body weight

A) is unrelated to the animal's size.
B) is determined mostly by an individual animal's age.
C) does not vary from individual to individual.
D) decreases as the animal's size increases.
E) increases as the animal's size increases.

Question 8

Which organism(s)is/are autotrophic?

A) Coral reef fish
B) An African lion
C) Bacteria that break down dead tissues for nutrients
D) A maple tree
E) A fungus that dissolves the roots of a dead tree

Question 9

The mechanisms of homeostasis

A) maintain a relatively constant internal physiological environment regardless of the changes in the external environment.
B) keep vital organs working at their maximum potential.
C) keep all cells working at the same metabolic rate.
D) keep the body's metabolic rate constant in varying environmental temperatures.
E) keep the body's temperature absolutely constant in varying environmental temperatures.

Question 10

Metabolic rate is frequently measured by

A) the speed of neural transmission.
B) a value called Q₁₀.
C) the rate of protein digestion.
D) the number of breaths per minute.
E) the rate of O₂ consumption.

Question 11

Which animal is likely to have the highest BMR?

A) Pygmy mouse
B) Flying squirrel
C) Desert cottontail rabbit
D) Gray wolf
E) Sperm whale

Question 12

The form of energy primarily used by living organisms to do work is

A) heat.
B) chemical.
C) sound.
D) light.
E) gravity.

Question 13

Picture a group of each of the following types of animals,in which the combined weight of the group is roughly the same (i.e. ,1 horse weighs 1,000 kg = 10 humans together weigh 1,000 kg = 10,000 flying squirrels together weigh 1,000 kg,etc. ).Which group will collectively require the most food?

A) Pygmy mice (average individual weight of 0.01 kg)
B) Flying squirrels (average individual weight of 0.1 kg)
C) Marmots (average individual weight of 5 kg)
D) Humans (average individual weight of 100 kg)
E) Horse (average individual weight of 1,000 kg)

Question 14

Which of the following does not describe the limits of the thermoneutral zone in a homeotherm?

A) The range of environmental temperatures at which minimal levels of energy are spent on thermoregulation
B) The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism exhibits a basal metabolic rate
C) The range of body temperatures at which the metabolic rate is maximum
D) The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism's metabolic rate does not increase for thermoregulation
E) The range of external temperatures over which an animal's metabolic rate is minimal

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
A person weighs 60 kg (~132 lbs)and is running at a speed of 240 meters per minute.If you measured the amount of oxygen consumed in two minutes,you would find that the person had consumed approximately _______ of O₂.If you performed the same measurement on a person weighing 80 kg (~ 176 lbs)running at the same speed of 240 meters per minute,you would find that the person had consumed approximately _______ of O₂ in two minutes.

A) 50 ml;50 ml
B) 100 ml;100 ml
C) 3 liters;4 liters
D) 6 liters;8 liters
E) 12,000 ml;12,000 ml

Question 16

Homeostasis refers to the tendency of particular components of the internal environment to remain

A) matched to the external environment.
B) the same relative to one another.
C) in a relatively steady state over time.
D) under the control of the brain.
E) at the same specific temperature.

Question 17

In response to a 10°C rise in environmental temperature,a regulator's body temperature will

A) rise at a constant rate.
B) fall at a constant rate.
C) fall to a point and then become stable.
D) rise to a point and then become stable.
E) remain relatively constant.

Question 18

The second law of thermodynamics essentially says that

A) heat is the basis of life.
B) organisms convert heat energy to chemical energy to do work.
C) organisms destroy energy on a daily basis.
D) randomness replaces organization as time goes by.
E) organisms produce more energy than they consume.

Question 19

Human red blood cells live approximately how long?

A) Four months
B) Two weeks
C) One year
D) Four days
E) Until the person's next growth spurt begins

Question 20

Mammals that live on land show an impressive range of sizes.An adult shrew may weigh around _______ g,whereas an adult elephant can weigh_______ kg.

A) 2;20
B) 20;5,000
C) 0.02;200
D) 5;2,000
E) 500;5,000

Question 21

What is the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to an environmental temperature that begins at the lower limit of the thermoneutral zone and decreases 3°-5°C below that point?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Death
E) Both b and d

Question 22

A Q₁₀ value of 3 indicates that a reaction rate has _______ over a temperature range of 10°C.

A) increased by 3 orders of magnitude
B) decreased by 3 orders of magnitude
C) tripled
D) decreased to one-third the normal rate
E) None of the above

Question 23

Within a range of environmental temperatures called the thermoneutral zone,the metabolic rate of a mammal is

A) variable.
B) at a minimal rate.
C) high and independent of temperature.
D) below the basal metabolic rate.
E) dependent upon the temperature.

Question 24

Which Q₁₀ value indicates that a reaction is not temperature-sensitive?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
E) 10

Question 25

As the temperature in an environmental chamber increases (from 15°C up to 25°C),the metabolic rate of a poikilotherm in the chamber,such as a lizard,_______,and that of a homeotherm in the chamber,such as a mouse,_______.

A) increases;increases
B) increases;depends on its TNZ
C) decreases;increases
D) decreases;decreases
E) stays the same;decreases

Question 26

What is the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to an environmental temperature that begins at the lower limit of the thermoneutral zone and increases 3°-5°C above that point,staying within the thermoneutral zone?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Death
E) Both b and d

Question 27

Which behavior is not one of the thermoregulatory behaviors of a lizard (a poikilotherm)?

A) Staying in a burrow when the surface temperature is below 10°C
B) Basking in the sun during early morning hours
C) Moving into the shade during midday hours
D) Consuming ectothermic prey
E) Climbing rocks and brush to reach convective air streams

Question 28

Most physiological processes

A) occur more rapidly at higher temperatures.
B) occur less rapidly at higher temperatures.
C) are not temperature-sensitive.
D) maintain a constant rate as temperature increases.
E) None of the above

Question 29

Organisms that depend largely on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature are called

A) homeotherms.
B) endotherms.
C) heterotherms.
D) poikilotherms.
E) mesotherms.

Question 30

In a mammal,metabolic rate is highest when the temperature is _______ the thermoneutral zone and the animal is _______.

A) within;at rest
B) below;active
C) within;active
D) above;at rest
E) below;at rest

Question 31

Suppose that the rate of a particular biological function at 15°C is X.If the Q₁₀ of that function at 25°C is _______,the rate at 25ºC is _______.

A) 1;X
B) 1;25
C) 2;X
D) 3;2X
E) 3;30

Question 32

Which animal is behaving most like a homeotherm to warm its body?

A) A moth that quivers its wings before flight
B) A black beetle that absorbs solar radiation
C) A snake that lies on a warm blacktop road
D) A fish that moves to a warm,shallow part of a pond
E) An insect that positions its body for maximum exposure to sunlight

Question 33

Which animals listed below are homeotherms?

A) Fishes
B) Amphibians
C) Birds
D) Snakes
E) Both a and b

Question 34

What is the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to an environmental temperature that fluctuates 3°-5°C between the upper and the lower limits of the thermoneutral zone?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Death
E) Both b and d

Question 35

If the Q₁₀ of the metabolic rate of an animal is 2,then

A) the animal is better acclimatized to a cold environment than it would be if its Q₁₀ were 3.
B) the animal is an ectotherm.
C) the animal consumes half as much oxygen per hour at 20°C as it does at 30°C.
D) the animal's metabolic rate is not at basal levels.
E) the animal produces twice as much heat at 20°C as it does at 30°C.

Question 36

Most biological Q₁₀ values are between _______ and _______.

A) 0;1
B) 1;2
C) 2;3
D) 2;10
E) 0;40

Question 37

What is the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to an environmental temperature that begins at the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone and decreases 3°-5°C below that point?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Death
E) Both b and d

Question 38

The Q₁₀,which describes the sensitivity of a reaction to temperature,is calculated as the

A) rate of a process at a certain temperature,divided by its rate at 10°C.
B) rate of a process at a certain temperature,divided by its rate at a temperature 10°C lower.
C) rate of a process at a certain temperature,divided by its rate at a temperature 10°C higher.
D) temperature at which the rate of a certain process doubles.
E) temperature at which the rate of a certain process becomes insignificant.

Question 39

In response to a 10°C rise in environmental temperature,a homeotherm's body temperature will most likely

A) rise at a constant rate.
B) fall at a constant rate.
C) fall to a point and then become stable.
D) rise to a point and then become stable.
E) remain relatively constant.

Question 40

What is the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to an environmental temperature that begins at the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone and increases 3°-5°C above that point?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Death
E) Both b and d

Question 41

Which structure is not an organ?

A) Liver
B) Pancreas
C) Small intestine
D) Muscle
E) Stomach

Question 42

In a mammal,a thermoregulatory response of the hypothalamus to a rise in temperature is

A) increased metabolic heat production.
B) a resetting of the thermostat to a higher setting.
C) sweating or panting.
D) an overall increase in body temperature.
E) the initiation of shivering.

Question 43

Which statement about hibernation is false?

A) It may be interrupted by brief returns to normal body temperature.
B) It is a form of regulated lowering of body temperature.
C) The body's thermostat is turned down to a low level.
D) Metabolic rate is reduced to only a fraction of the basal metabolic rate.
E) A hibernator functions as a homoeotherm during the cold months.

Question 44

Suppose that a plant normally grows large fleshy leaves in the absence of water stress.In low moisture conditions,that same plant species grows small thin leaves that are more resistant to desiccation.This adaptation is an illustration of the principle of

A) thermogenesis.
B) phenotypic plasticity.
C) homeothermy.
D) poikilothermy.
E) Both a and c

Question 45

Which sequence represents increasing levels of organization,from lowest to highest?

A) Tissues $\rightarrow$ atoms $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ organ systems
B) Cells $\rightarrow$ tissues $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ organ systems
C) Molecules $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ tissues $\rightarrow$ organ systems
D) Organ systems $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ tissues $\rightarrow$ cells
E) Cells $\rightarrow$ organ systems $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ tissues

Question 46

The vertebrate thermoregulatory center ("thermostat")is located within the central nervous system in and near the

A) pons.
B) cerebellum.
C) hypophysis.
D) medulla.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 47

Mammalian hibernation

A) occurs when animals run out of metabolic fuel.
B) is a regulated decrease in body temperature.
C) is a form of positive feedback.
D) is equally likely to occur at any time of year.
E) lasts for several months,during which time body temperature remains close to the environmental temperature.

Question 48

Which cell type has the least developed mechanisms for producing ATP anaerobically?

A) Muscle
B) Kidney
C) Gut
D) Brain
E) All of the above have equally developed abilities to make ATP anaerobically.

Question 49

Which statement about brown adipose tissue is true?

A) It produces heat without producing ATP.
B) It insulates animals acclimatized to cold.
C) It is a major source of heat production for birds.
D) It is found only in hibernators.
E) It provides fuel for muscle cells.

Question 50

Which function is not a function of epithelial cells?

A) Separating fluids
B) Secreting hormones
C) Absorbing nutrients
D) Providing sensory information
E) Producing blood cells

Question 51

Which tissue type is likely to be found covering an outer body surface?

A) Nervous
B) Epithelial
C) Muscle
D) Connective
E) Glial

Question 52

The temperature of the first cool breeze of autumn would feel warm in the middle of winter because

A) day length influences one's sensation of temperature.
B) winter breezes are weaker than those in autumn.
C) nerve cells of the skin die off during winter.
D) we acclimatize to temperature.
E) None of the above

Question 53

Which adaptation would not produce an increase in an ectotherm's body temperature?

A) Repeated contraction of flight muscles without movement
B) Cluster or huddling behavior
C) Decreased surface-to-surface contact with a cold environment
D) Circulatory changes to maintain core or internal temperatures greater than the animal's peripheral temperatures
E) Metabolism of brown adipose tissue

Question 54

Which type of tissue is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes?

A) Connective
B) Epithelial
C) Matrix
D) Muscle
E) Nervous

Question 55

The mechanism of heat production in brown adipose tissue depends on

A) an efficient use of ATP in metabolism.
B) a rapid breakdown of protein.
C) a rapid breakdown of fatty acids.
D) the shivering of skeletal muscles.
E) the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 56

Increased heat for thermoregulation (thermogenesis)is produced either by shivering or by nonshivering mechanisms.Which of the following is involved in nonshivering thermogenesis?

A) Brown fat
B) The uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
C) High levels of iron in the diet
D) The restriction of metabolic precursors
E) Both a and b

Question 57

Most of the water in the body is found

A) in the interstices between cells.
B) within cells.
C) in the plasma.
D) in the digestive tract.
E) as cerebrospinal fluid that cushions nerves.

Question 58

Which statement about body tissues is false?

A) Simple epithelium is a type of tissue.
B) An organ is usually composed of a single type of tissue.
C) Epithelial tissue lines inner and outer body surfaces.
D) Adipose tissue is a form of fatty tissue.
E) Each tissue type consists mostly of a single type of cell.

Question 59

Readjustment of the metabolic rate of an ectotherm,such as a fish,to compensate for seasonal thermal change is caused by the production of

A) fluorescent pigments that generate heat as a byproduct.
B) pyrogens.
C) inducible enzymes.
D) countercurrent exchangers.
E) None of the above

Question 60

Which statement about brown adipose tissue is false?

A) It contains abundant mitochondria.
B) It provides the most energy for shivering.
C) It allows metabolic fuels to be consumed without producing ATP.
D) It has a rich supply of blood vessels.
E) It is more abundant in hibernating animals.

Question 61

An animal's rate of energy consumption is its _______ rate.

Question 62

Which statement about the thermoregulatory set point in mammals is true?

A) The set point for shivering is the same as the set point for panting.
B) In a given individual,the set points for all thermoregulatory processes are the same.
C) The set points for thermoregulatory processes are the same for all members of the same species.
D) Several weeks' worth of changes in environmental temperature can change the metabolic set point.
E) The temperature of the hypothalamus serves as a positive-feedback signal.

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions :
The way in which the velocity of an airplane is controlled can be thought of as an analogy for a negative-feedback control system in an organism.Suppose an airline pilot sets an aircraft's engines to produce a velocity of 450 mph,and measures that speed using an instrument on the outside of the plane.When another pilot reports turbulence ahead,the first pilot uses the throttle to change the velocity set point to 350 mph.
According to this analogy,the instrument on the outside of the plane is providing

A) an error signal.
B) a set point.
C) an effector.
D) feedback.
E) homeostasis.

Question 64

In which animal would you expect circannual rhythms to be most pronounced?

A) Humans
B) Hummingbirds that live in relatively constant environments
C) Bears that hibernate in the winter
D) Fruit flies,whose life span is usually shorter than a month
E) None of the above

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions :
The way in which the velocity of an airplane is controlled can be thought of as an analogy for a negative-feedback control system in an organism.Suppose an airline pilot sets an aircraft's engines to produce a velocity of 450 mph,and measures that speed using an instrument on the outside of the plane.When another pilot reports turbulence ahead,the first pilot uses the throttle to change the velocity set point to 350 mph.
According to this analogy,the throttle is

A) the control mechanism.
B) destabilizing.
C) initiating positive feedback.
D) an effector.
E) the controlled variable.

Question 66

If an animal with a circadian clock of about 23.5 hours is kept in the dark without environmental time cues,it will

A) become active 30 minutes earlier each day.
B) become active at the same time each day.
C) become active 30 minutes later each day.
D) become active one hour earlier each day.
E) have an unpredictable pattern of activity.

Question 67

Organisms that use inorganic energy to combine atoms or molecules into their own organic food molecules are called _______.

Question 68

Animals that are active at night are said to be

A) free-running.
B) diurnal.
C) circumspect.
D) nocturnal.
E) free-ranging.

Question 69

Suppose you walk out from your shaded house into the full sun of a desert afternoon and begin sweating.Your sweat glands in this scenario are

A) the control mechanism.
B) destabilizing.
C) initiating positive feedback.
D) effectors.
E) the set point.

Question 70

In the human thermoregulatory system,high skin temperature leads to sweating and low skin temperature leads to shivering,Therefore,changes in skin temperature

A) are destabilizing.
B) act as a set point for metabolic heat production.
C) lead to positive feedback.
D) serve as a controlled variable.
E) lead to a negative-feedback loop.

Question 71

As fruits ripen they emit a chemical called ethylene,which attracts fruit flies.The fruit flies damage the fruit,causing more odor to be released,which attracts more flies,which results in the attraction of still more flies.This is an example of

A) an error signal.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) feed-forward information.
E) homeostasis.

Question 72

Organisms that use preformed organic molecules as food are called _______.

Question 73

A high score on your exam brings you praise from your professor,inspiring you to study harder,which in turn leads to even higher grades.This example best describes

A) the role of the professor as an effector.
B) the exam as a control mechanism.
C) a "C" grade as a set point.
D) a negative-feedback system.
E) a positive-feedback system.

Question 74

In regulatory systems,the phenomenon of negative feedback

A) is the least common type of feedback mechanism.
B) stimulates a return to set point.
C) amplifies a response.
D) disrupts homeostasis.
E) None of the above

Question 75

The way in which the water pH of a swimming pool is controlled can be thought of as an analogy for a control system in an organism.The pool owner tests the pH of the water using litmus paper and compares that result against a predetermined value.If the pool's pH is,for example,1.5 units below the accepted level,the owner corrects the pH by adding a substance such as sodium carbonate.In this analogy,the pH represents

A) the controlled variable.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) feed-forward information.
E) the set point.

Question 76

Positive-feedback responses

A) are long-term,stable influences in the body.
B) tend to return a system to its set point.
C) are more common than negative-feedback responses.
D) tend to reach a limit and then terminate.
E) cause physiological parameters to cycle above and below a set point.

Question 77

Which statement about positive feedback is false?

A) It is more commonly observed than negative feedback.
B) It tends to reach a limit and terminate rapidly.
C) It amplifies a response.
D) It occurs during human childbirth.
E) Sexual behavior is an example of a positive-feedback system.

Question 78

During aerobic respiration,animals use an organic compound plus O₂ to produce CO₂ + H₂O + _______.

Question 79

If an animal with a circadian clock of about 25 hours is kept in the dark without environmental time cues,it will

A) become active one hour earlier each day.
B) become active at the same time each day.
C) become active one hour later each day.
D) become active two hours earlier each day.
E) have an unpredictable pattern of activity.

Question 80

The hypothalamus serves in part as an integrated thermoregulatory center defining an organism's response to changes in its thermal environment.Because the hypothalamus normally serves to produce metabolic responses that reverse the direction of environmental temperature change,the control it exerts is termed

A) positive feedback.
B) metabolic compensation.
C) negative feedback.
D) feedforward control.
E) the effector.