Deck 22: The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Question 1

Under the right conditions,which of the following fungal structures will become reorganized into a fruiting structure for reproduction?

A) Septa
B) Mycelium
C) Hypha
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting structure

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The cells of the body of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing individual tubular filaments called

A) haustoria.
B) hyphae.
C) rhizoids.
D) mycelia.
E) dikaryons.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which characteristics do coenocytic hyphae and septate hyphae have in common?

A) Multiple nuclei not separated by cross-walls
B) Single nuclei enclosed by cell walls
C) Septa and cell walls
D) Cell walls and nuclei
E) Cells lacking a cell wall and enclosed only by a cell membrane

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In a jar of jelly in a refrigerator,fungi will be more common than bacteria because fungi have a _______ tolerance for highly _______ environments.

A) lower;hypotonic
B) lower;hypertonic
C) higher;hypotonic
D) higher;hypertonic
E) lower;hypotonic or hypertonic

Question 5

A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to

A) trap atmospheric CO₂.
B) break down carbon compounds.
C) parasitize animals.
D) parasitize plants.
E) form symbiotic mutualist relationships with plants.

Question 6

Which of the following fungal structures has pores in their surfaces that allow cell organelles and cytoplasm to pass through?

A) Septa
B) Mycelium
C) Hypha
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting structure

Question 7

The cell walls of fungal hyphae contain the polysaccharide

A) chitin.
B) cellulose.
C) lignin.
D) silica.
E) pectin.

Question 8

Fungi have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio than do most other multicellular organisms because

A) most hyphae need to be in close contact with the food source.
B) an individual mycelium can grow very large.
C) hyphae grow together to form a mycelium.
D) most fungi are microscopic organisms.
E) chitinous cell walls are more permeable than cellulose cell walls.

Question 9

Which of the following fungal structures may form rhizoids to attach to a substrate?

A) Septa
B) Mycelium
C) Hypha
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting structure

Question 10

An unknown organism can be identified as a fungus if it

A) is multicellular and nonphotosynthetic.
B) has cell walls and reproduces by spores.
C) has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption.
D) has prokaryotic cells and cell walls made of chitin.
E) is unicellular and eukaryotic.

Question 11

In which of the following fungal structures are septa never present?

A) Septa
B) Mycelium
C) Hypha
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting structure

Question 12

The absorptive heterotrophy of fungi is aided by

A) dikaryon formation.
B) spore formation.
C) their parasitic nature.
D) their large surface area-to-volume ratio.
E) their chloroplasts.

Question 13

Compared to a mycelium with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3:1,a mycelium with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 4:1

A) will lose water more quickly.
B) will take up nutrients more slowly.
C) will lose water more slowly.
D) may become a different mating type.
E) will become a different mating type.

Question 14

Which of the following fungal structures is made up of multiple hyphae and may grow underground over a wide area?

A) Septa
B) Mycelium
C) Hypha
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting structure

Question 15

Which statement about fungi is false?

A) A multicellular fungus has a body called a mycelium.
B) Hyphae are composed of individual mycelia.
C) Many fungi tolerate highly hypertonic environments.
D) Many fungi tolerate low temperatures.
E) Some fungi are anchored to their substrate by rhizoids.

Question 16

Individual filaments that anchor some fungi to their substrate are called

A) mycelia.
B) dikaryons.
C) rhizoids.
D) haustoria.
E) hyphae.

Question 17

The fruiting structure of a fungus

A) attracts predators away from its essential underground parts.
B) is an important organ for gas exchange with the atmosphere.
C) serves as a landing pad for fungal pollinators.
D) is in all cases hallucinogenic to mammals.
E) is a reproductive organ.

Question 18

Which of the following is a synapomorphy for the fungi?

A) Rhizoids
B) Spores
C) Heterotrophism
D) Chitin in the cell walls
E) Presence of DNA

Question 19

One adaptation that fungi have for absorptive nutrition,in which nutrients are absorbed across the cell surfaces,is

A) lack of a cell wall.
B) a small surface area-to-volume ratio.
C) a large surface area-to-volume ratio.
D) tolerance of low temperatures.
E) tolerance of high temperatures.

Question 20

The body of a multicellular fungus is called a

A) dikaryon.
B) hypha.
C) rhizoid.
D) mycelium.
E) haustoria.

Question 21

Which statement about fungal nutrition is false?

A) Some fungi are active predators.
B) Some fungi form mutualistic associations with other organisms.
C) All fungi require mineral nutrients.
D) When nutrient supplies decrease,fungal spore production usually increases.
E) Facultative parasites can grow only on their specific hosts.

Question 22

A constricting ring formed by Arthrobotrys traps a nematode.Fungal hyphae invade and digest the nematode.This is an example of a _______ interaction.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 23

Predatory fungi may trap prey by means of

A) poisonous spores that stun and kill the prey.
B) sticky substances secreted by hyphae.
C) mycorrhizae.
D) ectomycorrhizae.
E) Both a and b

Question 24

Fungi breaking down a fallen tree is an example of a _______ interaction.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 25

Which condition is not likely to promote mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi?

A) Nutrient-poor soil
B) A lack of chlorophyll in the plants
C) High levels of herbivory
D) Low water levels
E) Too much sunlight

Question 26

Lichens are _______ associations of a fungus with _______.

A) symbiotic;an alga or a bacterium
B) saprobic;an alga or a bacterium
C) parasitic;an alga or a bacterium
D) symbiotic;plant roots
E) parasitic;plant roots

Question 27

The global decline of amphibians is linked to the spread of a _______ fungus.

A) club
B) smut
C) chytrid
D) sac
E) septate

Question 28

If all Earth's fungi were to disappear,Earth's _______ cycle would fail.

A) carbon
B) phosphorus
C) sulfur
D) nitrogen
E) water

Question 29

The fungal partner of lichen would most likely contain

A) chitin.
B) chlorophyll.
C) reverse transcriptase.
D) silica.
E) cellulose.

Question 30

The algal partner in a lichen symbiosis is responsible primarily for

A) respiration.
B) carbohydrate production.
C) defense.
D) reproduction.
E) water storage.

Question 31

Black stem rust drawing nutrition from and damaging a wheat plant is an example of a _______ interaction.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 32

Which substance is the favored source of carbon for saprobic fungi?

A) Sugars
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Chitin
D) Calcium carbonate
E) Cellulose

Question 33

While walking through the woods,you collect two different fungi from a frog.Upon returning to your lab,you try to culture the fungi.One of the organisms can grow on artificial medium;the other cannot.What can you determine from this result?

A) Both fungi are obligate parasites.
B) Both fungi are facultative parasites.
C) One fungus is a facultative parasite;the other is an obligate parasite.
D) The fungus that grew cannot be parasitic.
E) You cannot determine anything from this result.

Question 34

Lichens obtain organic carbon

A) by photosynthesis.
B) by engulfing other organisms.
C) by absorbing it from the environment.
D) from decaying organic material.
E) by parasitizing flowering plants.

Question 35

Many fungi are _______,associating with photosynthetic organisms to form mycorrhizae or lichens.

A) symbiotic
B) parasitic
C) saprobic
D) photosynthetic
E) predatory

Question 36

Which human disease can be caused by a fungus?

A) Pneumonia
B) Athlete's foot
C) Ringworm
D) Thrush (Candida)
E) All of the above

Question 37

Which statement about how fungi obtain nitrogen is false?

A) Fungi can obtain nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.
B) Fungi can use nitrate ions as their source of nitrogen.
C) Fungi can obtain nitrogen directly from protein sources.
D) Fungi can obtain nitrogen from ammonium.
E) Fungi can obtain nitrogen directly from dead organic matter.

Question 38

Organisms that live on dead matter are called

A) parasites.
B) saprobes.
C) anaerobes.
D) aerobes.
E) autotrophs.

Question 39

Fungi grow in association with the roots of eucalyptus,providing the plants with more water.This is an example of a _______ interaction.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 40

Seed germination in most orchid species depends on the presence of a specific fungus species,and the fungus derives nutrients from the seed and seedling.This is an example of a _______ interaction.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 41

Which statement about lichens is false?

A) They can reproduce by fragmentation of the vegetative body.
B) They are often the first colonists in a new area.
C) They render their environment more basic (alkaline).
D) They contribute to soil formation.
E) They may contain less than 10 percent water by weight.

Question 42

Which of the following is the sister group to Ascomycota?

A) Basidiomycota
B) Zygomycota
C) Chytrids
D) Lichens
E) Microsporidia

Question 43

Motile gametes are found in

A) Zygomycota.
B) Glomeromycota.
C) chytrids.
D) sac fungi.
E) Basidiomycota.

Question 44

Plants with active mycorrhizae

A) need extensive root systems.
B) display enhanced absorption of water and minerals (especially phosphorus).
C) are heavily parasitized and die.
D) receive no nutritional benefit from this arrangement.
E) render their environment more acidic.

Question 45

A biologist who is examining some skin tissue from a dead fish notes the presence of a fungus.She cultures some of the fungal cells and notices that the gamete cells are flagellated.She concludes that the fish has a fungal disease caused by a(n)

A) ascomycota.
B) glomeromycota.
C) zygomycota.
D) chytridiomycota.
E) basidiomycota.

Question 46

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations of fungi with

A) algae or bacteria.
B) plant roots.
C) lichens.
D) animals.
E) other fungi.

Question 47

Which statement about microsporidia is false?

A) They lack true mitochondria.
B) They are parasites of animals.
C) They contain mitosomes.
D) They are among the smallest eukaryotes known.
E) They infect their host by invading the cells with branching hyphae.

Question 48

Lichens have different body forms._______ lichens appear "shrubby," _______ lichens look "leafy," and _______ lichens look like colored powder.

A) Foliose;crustose;fruticose
B) Fruticose;crustose;foliose
C) Foliose;fruticose;crustose
D) Fruticose;foliose;crustose
E) Crustose;foliose;fruticose

Question 49

Reproductive structures consisting of one or more photosynthetic cells surrounded by fungal hyphae are called

A) ascospores.
B) basidiospores.
C) conidia.
D) soredia.
E) gametes.

Question 50

Which group below may not be monophyletic?

A) Ascomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Basidiomycota
D) Glomeromycota
E) Microsporidia

Question 51

What feature of the chytrids suggests that the fungi had an aquatic ancestor?

A) They have haploid gametes with flagella
B) They have haploid zoospores with flagella.
C) They lack chitin in their cell walls.
D) They have diploid nuclei.
E) Both a and b

Question 52

Soredia (singular soredium)are reproductive structures found in some

A) Zygomyceta.
B) Ascomyceta.
C) Basidiomyceta.
D) mycorrhizae.
E) lichens.

Question 53

Approximately _______ percent of fungi are associated with lichens.

A) 2
B) 12
C) 20
D) 50
E) 80

Question 54

What is the best evolutionary explanation for the presence of flagellated cells in the life cycles of chytrids and their absence from other fungi?

A) Chytrids are specialized fungi that evolved this trait from fungal ancestors that lacked flagellated cells.
B) The presence of flagellated cells in chytrids shows that they are more closely related to animals and choanoflagellates than to actual fungi.
C) Chytrids evolved flagellated cells as an adaptation to living in water.
D) Flagella have evolved repeatedly in many different eukaryotic groups,and their presence is evolutionarily meaningless.
E) Flagellated cells in chytrids are a remnant of the common ancestry of fungi,animals,and choanoflagellates that has been lost in other fungi.

Question 55

Which process helps maintain genetic diversity within a fungus population?

A) Fission
B) Formation of conidia
C) Budding
D) Plasmogamy
E) Formation of a monokaryotic mycelium

Question 56

Lichens acquire energy from

A) decaying matter.
B) the sun.
C) parasitism.
D) minerals in the air and precipitation.
E) minerals on rocks.

Question 57

The names of fungal groups are based on structures associated with

A) sexual reproduction.
B) nutrition.
C) ecology.
D) vegetative growth.
E) cell division.

Question 58

The absence of flagellated gametes is a synapomorphy of which fungal group(s)?

A) Chytrids
B) Ascomycota
C) Basidiomycota
D) Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
E) Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,and Zygomycota

Question 59

Which evolutionary hypothesis best explains why microsporidia lack mitochondria?

A) They became photosynthetic and could manufacture their own energy.
B) They became chemosynthetic and could manufacture their own energy.
C) They are primitive eukaryotes that never evolved this organelle.
D) They are prokaryotes like bacteria and thus lack nuclei and organelles.
E) They rely on a host organism for energy.

Question 60

The portion of the fungus that is in direct contact with the photosynthetic cells in the formation of a lichen is the

A) fruiting body.
B) hyphae.
C) spore.
D) spore case.
E) blue-green bacteria.

Question 61

Which of the following groups of fungi has perforated cross-walls and is found in terrestrial,marine,and freshwater habitats?

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 62

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.How many chromosomes would the zygote contain?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 63

Which of the following is not a form of asexual reproduction in fungi?

A) Simple breakage of the mycelium
B) Production of haploid spores
C) Production of conidia
D) Budding and fission
E) Production of a zygospore

Question 64

The chytrids are different from all other fungi in that

A) they reproduce only asexually.
B) their haploid gametes have flagella.
C) they are the only parasitic fungi.
D) they contain a fruiting body.
E) they contain a thallus.

Question 65

Which statement about the economic usefulness of fungi is false?

A) Some species are used commercially to flavor foods.
B) Some species are edible.
C) Some species produce alcohol via fermentation.
D) Some species produce oxygen via fermentation.
E) Some species produce antibiotics.

Question 66

Dikaryotic cells

A) have two hyphae per fruiting body.
B) contain pairs of homologous chromosomes.
C) produce two spores per hypha.
D) contain two nuclei per cell.
E) contain diploid nuclei.

Question 67

Which of the following groups of fungi reproduces asexually (no evidence yet of sexual reproduction)?

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 68

Members of the zygospore fungi

A) have hyphae without regularly occurring septa.
B) produce motile gametes.
C) form fleshy fruiting bodies.
D) are haploid throughout their life cycle.
E) have sexual reproductive structures similar to those of the sac fungi.

Question 69

Fungi play important roles in the fermentation of many different human foods.Which of the following is not one of these foods?

A) Beer
B) Bread
C) Soy sauce
D) Cheese
E) Yogurt

Question 70

Which statement about the dikaryotic condition is false?

A) The cytoplasm of two cells fuses before their nuclei fuse.
B) The two haploid nuclei are genetically different.
C) The two nuclei are of the same mating type.
D) The dikaryon stage ends when the two nuclei fuse.
E) Not all fungi have a dikaryon stage.

Question 71

In which of the following groups of fungi are asci are contained within a specialized fruiting structure (ascoma)? (Includes molds,parasites such as the Dutch elm disease fungus,and epicurean delights such as morels and truffles. )

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 72

Conidia are

A) spores produced within sporangia.
B) meiotic products.
C) asexual spores formed at the tips of specialized hyphae.
D) encased diploid spores from a basidiomycete.
E) basidia that form on specialized stalks.

Question 73

Which statement about a dikaryon is true?

A) The hypha is haploid.
B) Two nuclei fused in the course of its formation.
C) There are two genetically different haploid nuclei in each cell of the mycelium.
D) The two nuclei have fused into a zygote.
E) There are two genetically identical nuclei in a single hypha.

Question 74

Which of the following groups of fungi has the common name club fungi,has complete cross-walls,and includes puffballs,mushrooms,wheat rust,and smut fungi?

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 75

Rhizopus is a type of mold that has coenocytic hyphae and only one diploid cell (the zygote)during its life cycle.It is therefore likely to belong to which group?

A) Zygomycota
B) Ascomycota
C) Glomeromycota
D) Blastocladiomycota
E) Microsporidia

Question 76

In fungal hyphae,which process does not take place between the events of karyogamy and plasmogamy?

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Formation of spores
D) Formation of a fruiting body
E) Enlargement of a mycelium

Question 77

Fungi that appear to reproduce only asexually are

A) chytrids.
B) Zygomycota.
C) Ascomycota.
D) Basidiomycota.
E) Glomeromycota.

Question 78

Which statement about the role of the flagellated spore in the life cycle of chytrid fungi is true?

A) It allows the spore to be dispersed by animals rather than by the wind.
B) It can grow directly into a multicellular haploid stage.
C) It can be carried on the wind for thousands of miles from its point of origin.
D) It can undergo meiosis.
E) It fuses with another spore to produce a zygote.

Question 79

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.How many chromosomes would a basidiospore of this fungus contain?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 80

Which statement about the dikaryon stage of the life cycle is true?

A) The dikaryon has swimming gametes with flagella.
B) The dikaryon is the only true diploid structure.
C) Meiosis occurs in the monokaryotic hyphae of the dikaryon.
D) The dikaryon is effectively neither diploid nor haploid.
E) Fungi with a dikaryon stage lack a true zygote stage.