Deck 8: Learning

Question 1

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed.This best illustrates the importance of

A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) cognitive learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Answer 1

cognitive learning.

Question 2

Eva's heart rate accelerated when she was confronted by a large snake while hiking.Her accelerated heart rate is an example of

A) operant behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) respondent behavior.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 2

respondent behavior.

Question 3

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth,the UR is the

A) ringing bell.
B) salivation to the ringing bell.
C) food in the mouth.
D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

Answer 3

salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question 4

Which of the following did Pavlov use as a neutral stimulus in his studies of salivation?

A) a touch on the leg
B) the sight of a light
C) the sound of a tone
D) He used all of these stimuli.

Question 5

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

A) reward.
B) acquisition.
C) stimulus.
D) operant.

Question 6

An action that influences the environment and is maintained by its consequences is called

A) an unconditioned response.
B) an operant behavior.
C) a conditioned response.
D) a respondent behavior.

Question 7

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

A) John Locke.
B) Rosalie Rayner.
C) David Hume.
D) Ivan Pavlov.

Question 8

When given a red pen rather than a black pen for correcting essays,people spot more errors.This best illustrates the subtle impact of

A) learned associations.
B) behaviorism.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) unconditioned responding.

Question 9

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

A) secondary conditioner.
B) neutral stimulus.
C) discriminative response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

One form of cognitive learning is called

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 11

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors,such as slapping and barking,that prompt people to toss them a herring.This best illustrates

A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 12

Which of the following is most clearly an operant behavior?

A) blinking
B) salivating
C) complaining
D) blushing

Question 13

John B.Watson emphasized that

A) learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.
B) unlike lower animals,humans learn through a process of cognition.
C) both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US.
D) learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

Question 14

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

A) associative learning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) observational learning.
D) operant behavior.

Question 15

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

A) association.
B) learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) shaping.

Question 16

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm,we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder.This best illustrates

A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 17

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying "thank you," Betty began doing the same with the expectation of receiving praise from adults.This best illustrates

A) respondent behavior.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 18

Learning that certain events occur together is called

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) observational learning.
D) associative learning.

Question 19

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A) John Locke
B) John B.Watson
C) Rosalie Rayner
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 20

A neutral stimulus is an event or situation that

A) evokes an unconditioned response.
B) signals that an operant behavior will be rewarded.
C) triggers a conditioned response.
D) elicits no response prior to classical conditioning.

Question 21

The stage of classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus first begins triggering a conditioned response is called

A) association.
B) acquisition.
C) observational learning.
D) discrimination.

Question 22

The smell of ammonia that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) discrimination.

Question 23

If the sound of the refrigerator door opening causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food,the child's salivation to the sound of the door opening is a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 24

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog.The food in the dog's mouth was the

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Question 25

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise.In this example,fear of the white rat was the

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Question 26

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash.The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) extinction.
C) generalization.
D) discrimination.

Question 27

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone,he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food.As a result,________ occurred.

A) generalization
B) higher-order conditioning
C) discrimination
D) extinction

Question 28

If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation,then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also begin to trigger salivation.This best illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) observational learning.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) discrimination.

Question 29

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

A) salivating at the sight of a lemon
B) raising your hand to ask a question
C) jerking your hand off a very hot stove
D) walking into a restaurant to eat

Question 30

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of a female quail.In this instance,the female quail is a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 31

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock.In this fictional example,the presentation of the roses is the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 32

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 33

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

A) expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive.
B) organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.
C) repetition of operant behaviors that are rewarded.
D) reappearance,after a pause,of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 34

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR,the NS should be presented

A) shortly after the CR.
B) shortly after the US.
C) shortly before the US.
D) at the same time as the US.

Question 35

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,a CR was

A) salivation to the sound of a tone.
B) salivation to the taste of food.
C) the sound of a tone.
D) the taste of food.

Question 36

Through classical conditioning we learn to link

A) a CS with a US.
B) a response with a reward.
C) a US with a UR.
D) primary and secondary conditioners.

Question 37

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the CS was

A) the taste of food.
B) salivation to the taste of food.
C) the sound of a tone.
D) salivation to the sound of a tone.

Question 38

Long after being bitten by a stray dog,Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared.To his surprise,however,when he was recently confronted by a stray dog,he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety.This sudden anxiety best illustrates

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant behavior.

Question 39

When a CS is not paired with a US,the subsequent fading of a CR is called

A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) secondary conditioning.
D) extinction.

Question 40

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

A) higher-order conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) generalization
D) discrimination

Question 41

The law of effect refers to the tendency to

A) learn associations between consecutive stimuli.
B) learn in the absence of reinforcement.
C) repeat rewarded behaviors and discontinue punished behaviors.
D) make a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Question 42

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

A) B.F.Skinner.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) John B.Watson.
D) Edward L.Thorndike.

Question 43

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords,he no longer does so.Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of

A) negative reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) conditioned reinforcers.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 44

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer is called

A) delayed conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) primary conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 45

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident,Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle.Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates

A) extinction.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) discrimination.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 46

After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire,Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves.This best illustrates the adaptive value of

A) observational learning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) generalization.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 47

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

A) so many different species of animals,including humans,can be classically conditioned.
B) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned.
C) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.
D) of all of these reasons.

Question 48

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones.This illustrates the process of

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.

Question 49

Alexis is addicted to drugs.The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n)________ for drug cravings.

A) UR
B) CR
C) US
D) CS

Question 50

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise.In this case,the loud noise was the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) secondary conditioner.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 51

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) spontaneous recovery
D) extinction

Question 52

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) discrimination.
C) acquisition.
D) generalization.

Question 53

When toddlers are classically conditioned to fear moving cars,they also become afraid of moving trucks and motorcycles.This best illustrates the process of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) observational learning.
C) generalization.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 54

Antonio's football coach frequently yells at him for swearing.As a result,Antonio now experiences anxiety when he's near his coach.The coach is a(n)________ for Antonio's anxiety.

A) neutral stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) secondary conditioner
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 55

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night.After about a week,Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting.His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

A) primary reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 56

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 57

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

A) classical conditioning.
B) primary conditioning.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 58

Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs.Their reactions are best explained in terms of

A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 59

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform,3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress.Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

A) operant behavior.
B) generalization.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 60

In classical conditioning,discrimination refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli.

A) US
B) UR
C) CS
D) CR

Question 61

A mother frequently picks up her crying infant boy because the baby typically stops crying as soon as he is held.In this case,the mother is ________ when her son stops crying.

A) positively punished
B) negatively reinforced
C) negatively punished
D) positively reinforced

Question 62

A reinforcement is any event that

A) satisfies a biological need.
B) triggers feelings of pleasure.
C) elicits respondent behavior.
D) increases the frequency of a preceding response.

Question 63

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

A) generalization.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) secondary reinforcement.

Question 64

Mandisa always picked up her infant daughter when she screamed because she couldn't have the toy she wanted.As a result,her daughter screams whenever she doesn't get her way.In this case,picking up the infant served as a(n)_________ for screaming.

A) negative reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) positive reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 65

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.

A) positive
B) negative
C) partial
D) delayed

Question 66

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to

A) avoid the use of negative reinforcement to motivate effective study.
B) reinforce effective study with primary rather than secondary reinforcers.
C) reinforce effective study on a fixed-interval schedule.
D) reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills.

Question 67

After his mother smiles,Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced.But if his mother is not smiling,his subsequent request for a snack is not reinforced.By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced,the mother's smile is a(n)

A) primary reinforcer.
B) discriminative stimulus.
C) respondent behavior.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 68

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety.Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

A) secondary
B) partial
C) negative
D) positive

Question 69

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

A) discriminative stimulus.
B) primary reinforcer.
C) delayed reinforcer.
D) respondent behavior.

Question 70

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

A) strengthens
B) eliminates
C) suppresses but does not eliminate
D) has an unpredictable effect on

Question 71

Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's actions toward a desired behavior.The procedure is known as

A) shaping.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) secondary conditioning.
D) variable-interval scheduling.

Question 72

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A) applause for an excellent trumpet solo
B) a grade of "A" for an excellent essay
C) $5.00 for washing the car
D) a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

Question 73

On Monday,Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes.On Tuesday,she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time.On Wednesday,she gave him cookies only after he played quietly for a full half hour.Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through

A) secondary reinforcement.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) shaping.
D) fixed-ratio scheduling.

Question 74

Soccer instruction that reinforces short kicks before attempting to reinforce long kicks best illustrates the process of

A) shaping.
B) fixed-interval scheduling.
C) discrimination.
D) delayed reinforcement.

Question 75

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum,the more frequently he loses his temper.In this case,the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

A) negative reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) positive reinforcer
D) punishment

Question 76

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

A) fixed
B) primary
C) positive
D) continuous

Question 77

Dr.Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet.Obviously,Dr.Raheja is using a(n)________ to study learning.

A) operant chamber
B) variable-ratio schedule
C) Pavlovian maze
D) fixed-ratio schedule

Question 78

An enclosure containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer is called a(n)

A) time-out room.
B) operant chamber.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) observational platform.

Question 79

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors,animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

A) delayed reinforcement.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) generalization.
D) shaping.

Question 80

A positive reinforcer is anything that when ________ a response,strengthens the response.

A) introduced before
B) removed after
C) introduced after
D) removed before