Deck 1: Prologue

Question 1

The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to

A) John B.Watson.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B.F.Skinner.

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud.

Question 2

Edward Titchener used the method of introspection to identify

A) inherited traits.
B) maladaptive behaviors.
C) unconscious motives.
D) sensory experiences.

Answer 2

sensory experiences.

Question 3

The pioneering memory researcher,Mary Whiton Calkins,was denied the ________ Ph.D.degree she had earned under the mentorship of _________.

A) University of Leipzig;Wilhelm Wundt
B) Radcliff College;John B.Watson
C) Harvard University;William James
D) Cornell University;Edward Titchener

Answer 3

Harvard University;William James

Question 4

Which research method waned in popularity because its results varied when the technique was used by different people?

A) overlearning
B) introspection
C) behavior genetics
D) spaced practice

Question 5

William James was primarily concerned with the _______ of the mind.

A) functions
B) elements
C) disorders
D) biological origins

Question 6

B.F.Skinner was a prominent American

A) psychiatrist.
B) behaviorist.
C) cognitive neuroscientist.
D) structuralist.

Question 7

Structuralism used a method known as ________ to reveal the basic elements of the mind.

A) massed practice
B) positive psychology
C) introspection
D) psychoanalysis

Question 8

The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as Edward Titchener is to

A) John B.Watson.
B) William James.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 9

Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener.

A) John Locke
B) B.F.Skinner
C) William James
D) John B.Watson

Question 10

Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of the mind?

A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) behaviorism
D) psychoanalysis

Question 11

The first psychological laboratory was established by

A) John Watson.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Jean Piaget.

Question 12

Edward Titchener trained people to report elements of their experience and promoted a school of thought known as

A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) functionalism.
D) humanistic psychology.

Question 13

The value of introspection was most clearly dismissed by

A) Freudian psychologists.
B) functionalists.
C) structuralists.
D) behaviorists.

Question 14

One of the earliest schools of thought in psychology was

A) psychiatry.
B) structuralism.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) humanistic psychology.

Question 15

The early school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and survive was called

A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) behavior genetics.
D) functionalism.

Question 16

Early behaviorists such as John B.Watson would have been LEAST likely to encourage research that focused on

A) maladaptive eating habits.
B) the meaning of frightening dreams.
C) effective parenting techniques.
D) crime-deterring legal practices.

Question 17

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was promoted by

A) Wilhelm Wundt.
B) William James.
C) John B.Watson.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 18

Who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

A) Watson and Skinner
B) Freud and James
C) Wundt and Titchener
D) Rogers and Maslow

Question 19

The first woman to receive a Ph.D.in psychology later wrote an influential book,The Animal Mind.Her name was

A) Mary Whiton Calkins.
B) Rosalie Rayner.
C) Margaret Floy Washburn.
D) Jean Piaget.

Question 20

Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate thoughts and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as

A) spaced practice.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) introspection.
D) natural selection.

Question 21

Professor Kim suggests that young children from all cultures can distinguish between singular and plural nouns because the concept of quantity is inborn.The professor's suggestion would have been most readily accepted by

A) Plato.
B) John B.Watson.
C) B.F.Skinner.
D) John Locke.

Question 22

Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited.Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of

A) observation and introspection.
B) behavior and mental processes.
C) nature and nurture.
D) conscious mind and unconscious mind.

Question 23

Studying the impact of natural selection on the development of behaviors and mental processes that we humans have in common is of most central interest to

A) humanistic psychology.
B) social psychology.
C) community psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 24

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception,memory,and language is called

A) behavior genetics.
B) positive psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) clinical psychology.

Question 25

Unlike Plato,Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of

A) logical reasoning.
B) inborn ideas.
C) sensory experience.
D) introspection.

Question 26

Which principle suggests that inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations?

A) behavior genetics
B) structuralism
C) natural selection
D) positive psychology

Question 27

Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.

A) nature;nurture
B) sensation;memory
C) talking;understanding
D) clinical psychology;psychiatry

Question 28

Nicole has been unusually quick in learning to excel in the highly competitive sports training programs at her school because she is more genetically predisposed to crave excitement and challenge than are her classmates.This BEST illustrates that

A) some ideas are innate.
B) the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes.
C) nurture works on what nature endows.
D) nature selects traits that best enable us to survive in a particular environment.

Question 29

Studying the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is of most central interest to

A) cognitive neuroscience.
B) behavior genetics.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) behaviorism.

Question 30

Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by

A) rational thought.
B) natural selection.
C) introspection.
D) unconscious motives.

Question 31

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge,Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.

A) mind;body
B) basic research;applied research
C) introspection;naturalistic observation
D) nurture;nature

Question 32

Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Locke
D) Watson

Question 33

Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology.For example,________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician.

A) Wilhelm Wundt;Ivan Pavlov
B) William James;Sigmund Freud
C) B.F.Skinner;John B.Watson
D) John Locke;René Descartes

Question 34

The science of behavior and mental processes is called

A) naturalistic observation.
B) natural selection.
C) behaviorism.
D) psychology.

Question 35

The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the

A) levels of analysis dilemma.
B) structuralism-functionalism debate.
C) cognitive neuroscience controversy.
D) nature-nurture issue.

Question 36

Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of

A) conscious and unconscious thought.
B) observation and introspection.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) nature and nurture.

Question 37

In exploring human behavior,contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on

A) introspection.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) massed practice.
D) scientific methods.

Question 38

Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of

A) learning.
B) perception.
C) personality.
D) mental illness.

Question 39

Wilhelm Wundt was both a

A) psychoanalyst and psychiatrist.
B) physiologist and philosopher.
C) sociologist and psychiatrist.
D) theologian and philosopher.

Question 40

Humanistic psychologists such as ________ emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

A) Wundt and Titchener
B) Freud and James
C) Rogers and Maslow
D) Watson and Skinner

Question 41

Ali insists that intellectual skills are inherited;Claire argues that intelligence is developed through educational experiences.Ali and Claire have differing perspectives on intelligence that

A) complement each other.
B) are impossible to test scientifically.
C) illustrate the distinction between behavior and mental processes.
D) illustrate the conflict between psychology and psychiatry.

Question 42

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently pressured to defend themselves with fists.Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience

Question 43

To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems and negative emotions,Martin Seligman called for the development of

A) behavior genetics.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) positive psychology.
D) introspection.

Question 44

In a class lecture,Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders.The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.

A) psychodynamic
B) neuroscience
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive

Question 45

Mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival.His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) evolutionary
D) behavioral

Question 46

The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father.The counselor's assessment most clearly reflects a(n)________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics

Question 47

Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states?

A) social-cultural
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) neuroscience

Question 48

Poor nutrition,family stress,and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr.Leonard's depression.Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires

A) psychoanalysis.
B) positive psychology.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) an evolutionary level of analysis.

Question 49

Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of

A) alcohol use disorder.
B) depression.
C) eating disorders.
D) all of these problems.

Question 50

A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by

A) behaviorism.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) introspection.

Question 51

Professor Hernandez attempts to assess how the interaction of genes and the environment contribute to children's vulnerability to depression.Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) behavior genetics
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 52

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n)________ perspective.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) social-cultural

Question 53

Culture is best described as

A) the entire collection of character strengths that help individuals and communities to thrive.
B) the enduring ideas,values,and traditions shared by a group and transmitted across generations.
C) the contribution that experience makes to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
D) basic moral values that are shared by all of humanity.

Question 54

A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of

A) introspection.
B) SQ3R.
C) the testing effect.
D) multiple levels of analysis.

Question 55

The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.

A) introspection
B) natural selection
C) unconscious motives
D) rational thought

Question 56

Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country;in another country,stout women are seen as particularly attractive.In both countries,however,women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment.This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.

A) common psychological processes
B) gender differences
C) unconscious preferences
D) genetic dissimilarities

Question 57

The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of

A) learning.
B) introspection.
C) inherited traits.
D) self-esteem.

Question 58

The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of

A) behavior and mental processes.
B) conscious and unconscious motives.
C) nature and nurture.
D) spaced practice and massed practice.

Question 59

Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and environmental experience to differing levels of human intelligence?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics

Question 60

The transmission of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance of

A) introspection.
B) massed practice.
C) structuralism.
D) culture.

Question 61

Dr.Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol use disorder because of the strong influence of their religion.This belief best illustrates a(n)________ perspective.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) neuroscience
D) social-cultural

Question 62

The evolutionary perspective is to ________ as the behavioral perspective is to ________.

A) applied research;basic research
B) nature;nurture
C) clinical psychology;psychiatry
D) unconscious mind;conscious mind

Question 63

A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is

A) limited in its scope.
B) likely to contradict other perspectives.
C) of little value for applied research.
D) impossible to test scientifically.

Question 64

Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?

A) developmental psychologists
B) clinical psychologists
C) personality psychologists
D) psychiatrists

Question 65

Which branch of psychology is most likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups?

A) cognitive psychology
B) community psychology
C) clinical psychology
D) counseling psychology

Question 66

Dr.Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior.Dr.Veenstra is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.

A) clinical
B) social
C) biological
D) industrial-organizational

Question 67

Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode,process,store,and retrieve information?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) behavior genetics
D) evolutionary

Question 68

Dr.Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a person's ability to remember information.Dr.Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A) social
B) personality
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 69

Dr.Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills.Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?

A) developmental psychology
B) biological psychology
C) industrial-organizational psychology
D) personality psychology

Question 70

Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples of

A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) positive psychology.
C) the testing effect.
D) applied research.

Question 71

Dr.Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging.It is most likely that Dr.Winkle is a(n)________ psychologist.

A) biological
B) social
C) developmental
D) industrial-organizational

Question 72

Dr.MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied.Dr.MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.

A) social-cultural
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics

Question 73

Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in basic research?

A) industrial-organizational psychologists
B) cognitive psychologists
C) community psychologists
D) clinical psychologists

Question 74

Dr.Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm.Which psychological specialty does Dr.Ochoa's work best represent?

A) developmental psychology
B) industrial-organizational psychology
C) biological psychology
D) clinical psychology

Question 75

Dr.Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people.Dr.Wilcox is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) industrial-organizational
D) personality

Question 76

A helping profession devoted to assisting people with problems often related to school,work,or marriage is known as

A) personality psychology.
B) counseling psychology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) social psychology.

Question 77

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?

A) personality psychology
B) biological psychology
C) clinical psychology
D) developmental psychology

Question 78

Working in a community mental health center,Dr.Thatcher treats adults who suffer from major depressive disorder.Dr.Thatcher is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.

A) personality
B) industrial-organizational
C) clinical
D) developmental

Question 79

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive

Question 80

Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?

A) neuroscience
B) psychodynamic
C) evolutionary
D) social-cultural