Deck 4: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Question 1

The experience of blindsight in certain people who have suffered brain damage best illustrates the importance of our normal human capacity for

A) change blindness.
B) dual processing.
C) inattentional blindness.
D) selective attention.

Answer 1

dual processing.

Question 2

About one-third of a second before participants in one study decided to move their wrists,their ________ indicated a readiness potential to move.

A) fMRI scans
B) eye movements
C) brain-wave activity
D) finger movements

Answer 2

brain-wave activity

Question 3

The two-track mind operates on two levels.A conscious "high road" is said to be________.An unconscious "low road" is said to be ________.

A) automatic and intuitive;deliberate and reflective
B) deliberate and reflective;automatic and intuitive
C) automatic and reflective;deliberate and intuitive
D) deliberate and intuitive;automatic and reflective

Answer 3

deliberate and reflective;automatic and intuitive

Question 4

The interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with our mental processes is known as

A) behaviorism.
B) behavior genetics.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) neurology.

Question 5

Professor Rodriguez studies how the activation of specific regions of the brain affects dream content.Her work best illustrates the subfield of

A) personality psychology.
B) behavior genetics.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 6

A large amount of our mental activity occurs outside our awareness thanks to our capacity for

A) sequential processing.
B) choice blindness.
C) synchronized activity across the brain.
D) dual processing.

Question 7

Unconscious information processing is more likely than conscious processing to

A) occur slowly.
B) be limited in capacity.
C) contribute to effective problem solving.
D) process many aspects of a problem simultaneously.

Question 8

A person is able to accurately point to the current location of certain moving objects that she is unable to consciously see.This best illustrates

A) inattentional blindness.
B) the popout phenomenon.
C) selective attention.
D) blindsight.

Question 9

Damage to the brain's visual perception track without any damage to the brain's visual action track is associated with a condition known as

A) selective attention.
B) blindsight.
C) parallel processing.
D) change blindness.

Question 10

When asked to imagine playing tennis,a noncommunicative patient exhibited ________ that was similar to that exhibited by a healthy person.

A) popout
B) blindsight
C) brain activity
D) change blindness

Question 11

The ability to focus his attention on his arm and shoulder movements during his golf swings enabled Jason to learn more effective skills for both chip shots and putting.This best illustrates the value of

A) the cocktail party effect.
B) blindsight.
C) the popout phenomenon.
D) consciousness.

Question 12

Consciousness is most important for the correct performance of behaviors that

A) depend on information processing.
B) require physical coordination skills.
C) have been learned through repeated practice.
D) are novel and challenging.

Question 13

You suddenly become conscious that your own nose is in your line of vision when this is pointed out to you.This best illustrates the impact of

A) the popout phenomenon.
B) change blindness.
C) blindsight.
D) selective attention.

Question 14

Behaviorism encouraged psychologists to ignore the study of

A) the visual action track.
B) consciousness.
C) socialization.
D) cortical activation patterns.

Question 15

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is called

A) parallel processing.
B) a visual action track.
C) consciousness.
D) dual processing.

Question 16

Parallel processing tends to be both ________ and ________ conscious than sequential processing.

A) slower;less
B) faster;more
C) slower;more
D) faster;less

Question 17

Mark's decision to hire a particular job applicant was simultaneously influenced by unconscious feelings about the applicant's physical appearance and by a conscious consideration of the applicant's reported work history.This best illustrates the impact of

A) blindsight.
B) dual processing.
C) change blindness.
D) the popout phenomenon.

Question 18

Simultaneously assessing the taste,texture,and temperature of food in your mouth best illustrates

A) blindsight.
B) the popout phenomenon.
C) parallel processing.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 19

The reemergence of psychology's concern with consciousness after 1960 is best illustrated by efforts to

A) define psychology as a behavioral science.
B) demonstrate that humans lack free will.
C) liken consciousness to a car's speedometer.
D) identify the brain activity associated with different mental states.

Question 20

Prior to the twentieth century,psychology was considered to be the study of

A) observable behavior.
B) evolutionary change.
C) consciousness.
D) parallel processing.

Question 21

Sleep is best defined as

A) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
B) a periodic natural loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages.
C) a state of hibernation or general anesthesia.
D) episodes of fast and jerky eye movements accompanied by frequent muscle spasms.

Question 22

Failing to notice changes in our immediate surroundings is called

A) the cocktail party effect.
B) the popout phenomenon.
C) dual processing.
D) change blindness.

Question 23

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called

A) dual processing.
B) change blindness.
C) the popout phenomenon.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 24

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning,because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time.Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

A) REM rebound.
B) menstrual cycle.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) hypnagogic state.

Question 25

Research on sleep and dreaming fails to confirm that

A) the use of sleeping pills reduces REM sleep.
B) increased genital arousal accompanies dreaming regardless of whether the dream's content is sexual.
C) when dreaming of performing an activity,our limbs move in concert with the dream.
D) NREM-3 sleep periods become shorter as we progress through a full night of sleep.

Question 26

Because she was listening to the news on the radio,Mrs.Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying.Her experience best illustrates

A) change blindness.
B) blindsight.
C) dual processing.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 27

Inattentional blindness is best described as a by-product of

A) blindsight.
B) sequential processing.
C) selective attention.
D) a visual action track.

Question 28

Inattentional blindness refers to

A) the loss of self-awareness when one is mentally absorbed in a challenging task.
B) a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
C) failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
D) the simultaneous processing of information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Question 29

Human body temperatures typically

A) rise with the approach of morning and fall with the approach of night.
B) rise with the approach of night and fall with the approach of morning.
C) rise with the approach of NREM-1 sleep and fall with the approach of REM sleep.
D) rise with the approach of REM sleep and fall with the approach of NREM-1 sleep.

Question 30

Thinking is sharpest and memory is most accurate when people are at their daily peak in

A) melatonin secretion.
B) circadian arousal.
C) REM rebound.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 31

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

A) their bodies often move in accordance with what they dream.
B) their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.
C) they are more likely to emit sleep spindles than during any other stage of sleep.
D) their slow brain-wave patterns indicate that they are deeply asleep.

Question 32

Long-haul truck drivers are at a much-greater-than-normal risk of a collision if texting while driving.This best illustrates the impact of

A) the popout phenomenon.
B) blindsight.
C) selective attention.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 33

The only smiling face in a crowd of anxious-looking people may be so strikingly distinct that people cannot help but notice it.This best illustrates

A) dual processing.
B) blindsight.
C) the cocktail party effect.
D) the popout phenomenon.

Question 34

Felix was so preoccupied with his girlfriend's good looks that he failed to perceive any of her less admirable characteristics.This best illustrates an unfortunate consequence of

A) sequential processing.
B) selective attention.
C) blindsight.
D) change blindness.

Question 35

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store,Jerry was concentrating on answering a text.As a result,he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him.Jerry most clearly experienced

A) the cocktail party effect.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) blindsight.
D) the popout phenomenon.

Question 36

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

A) the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
B) fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
C) the different study habits of men and women.
D) the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.

Question 37

Women become increasingly morning-oriented "larks" as they have children and also as they transition to menopause.This best illustrates that age and experience can alter our

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) NREM-2 sleep.
D) REM rebound.

Question 38

When Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter,his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine.Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates

A) the popout phenomenon.
B) parallel processing.
C) change blindness.
D) sequential processing.

Question 39

Selective attention is best illustrated by

A) blindsight.
B) parallel processing.
C) a visual action track.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 40

The pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle is called the

A) REM rebound.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) hypnagogic sensation.

Question 41

Compared with alpha and beta waves,delta waves are

A) slower and smaller.
B) faster and larger.
C) slower and larger.
D) faster and smaller.

Question 42

Which of the following typically occur(s)during REM sleep?

A) night terrors
B) genital arousal
C) bed-wetting
D) muscular tension

Question 43

At the very onset of sleep,Melanie experienced pressure on her body followed by a feeling that she was falling.Her experience best illustrates

A) narcolepsy.
B) REM rebound.
C) night terrors.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 44

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1;REM
B) REM;NREM-2
C) NREM-2;REM
D) REM;NREM-3

Question 45

Feli is a young adult who has been asleep for three hours.As he continues to sleep,we can expect that

A) NREM-2 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
B) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
C) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that REM sleep will increase in duration.
D) REM sleep will diminish and that NREM-3 sleep will increase in duration.

Question 46

Sleep spindles are characteristic of ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 47

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with slow-wave sleep?

A) bed-wetting
B) sleep spindles
C) hallucinations
D) genital arousal

Question 48

Humans continuously exposed to bright light are most likely to experience a disruption of their

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) alpha waves.
D) circadian rhythm.

Question 49

Which of the following is a sleep-inducing hormone?

A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin

Question 50

Margie insists that she never dreams,but her roommate feels she can prove otherwise.To prove that Margie does dream,the roommate should

A) feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime.
B) make an all-night audio recording of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping.
C) wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.
D) wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Question 51

Thanks to modern lighting and social media diversions,many adults who would have gone to bed at 9:00 P.M.a century ago are now up until 11:00 P.M.or later.This best illustrates the impact of ________ on sleep patterns.

A) cognitive development
B) culture
C) high waking metabolism
D) latent content

Question 52

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half,his heart began to beat faster,his breathing became fast and irregular,and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth.Carlos was most likely experiencing

A) NREM-3 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.

Question 53

During NREM-1 sleep,people may experience fantastic images that resemble

A) delta waves.
B) hallucinations.
C) latent content.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 54

NREM-1 sleep is likely to be associated with

A) genital arousal.
B) delta waves.
C) night terrors.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 55

The large,slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) delta waves.

Question 56

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a pair of cell clusters in the ________ that controls circadian rhythm.

A) pineal gland
B) brainstem
C) motor cortex
D) hypothalamus

Question 57

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

A) older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns.
B) different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content.
C) everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well.
D) sleep patterns are genetically influenced.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A) Heart and breathing rates increase.
B) The eyes move rapidly under closed lids.
C) Brain waves become more rapid.
D) Voluntary muscles tense and become more active.

Question 59

NREM-2 sleep is to ________ as NREM-3 sleep is to ________.

A) alpha waves;sleep spindles
B) sleep spindles;delta waves
C) delta waves;alpha waves
D) alpha waves;rapid eye movements

Question 60

In a typical full night of sleep,young adults spend the greatest amount of time (about 50%)in

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 61

Insomnia is a disorder involving

A) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other drugs that induce sleep.
B) recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
C) the cessation of breathing during sleep.
D) uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

Question 62

Studies of mice show that sleep aids in the removal of ________ from brain tissues.

A) leptin
B) serotonin
C) melatonin
D) metabolic waste products

Question 63

When light strikes the retina,it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the production of ________by the pineal gland.

A) melatonin
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 64

Animals with the ________ need to graze and the ________ ability to hide from danger tend to sleep less.

A) most;most
B) least;least
C) most;least
D) least;most

Question 65

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone

A) cortisol.
B) melatonin.
C) leptin.
D) serotonin.

Question 66

Kevin needs to remember what he learned in today's classes.His memory of the material is most likely to be facilitated by

A) REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) EEG recordings.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 67

After completing a full night of sleep,people are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) think more creatively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 68

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is ________ by slow-wave sleep,which occurs mostly in the ________ half of a long night's sleep.

A) inhibited;first
B) facilitated;first
C) inhibited;second
D) facilitated;second

Question 69

Sleep deprivation ________ levels of the hormone ghrelin and _______ levels of the hormone leptin.

A) increases;increases
B) decreases;decreases
C) increases;decreases
D) decreases;increases

Question 70

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

A) sleep apnea.
B) weight gain.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 71

Eighty-year-old Mrs.West feels she has trouble falling asleep at night.She typically gets about 6 or 7 hours of sleep every 24 hours.What should she do about this?

A) take a sleeping pill every night
B) sleep with the bedroom lights on
C) drink an alcoholic beverage before bedtime
D) relax and remind herself that her sleep patterns are normal

Question 72

When allowed to sleep 9 hours a night on a regular basis,college students are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) study more effectively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 73

Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week.If this sleep deprivation continues,he will become increasingly susceptible to

A) viral infections.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 74

After four years of working nights,Raymond now works days.His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

A) circadian rhythm.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 75

One study found that driving accident rates were higher among Virginia 16- to 18-year-olds whose

A) metabolic rates were higher than average.
B) father or mother suffered from sleep apnea.
C) cortisol levels were lower than average.
D) high school classes started early in the day.

Question 76

Pushing back school start times has been found to ________ adolescent mood states and ________ adolescent alertness.

A) impair;improve
B) improve;impair
C) impair;impair
D) improve;improve

Question 77

Neural connections supporting "muscle memories" learned while practicing tennis are strengthened by

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) blindsight.
D) REM sleep.

Question 78

An increase in accident rates following the change to "daylight savings" time best illustrates the dangers of

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep deprivation.

Question 79

Slow-wave sleep appears to play an important role in the production of

A) free radicals.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) REM rebound.
D) the human growth hormone.

Question 80

Among older adults,more frequently disrupted sleep also disrupts

A) memory consolidation.
B) REM rebound.
C) the production of free radicals.
D) night terrors.