Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

According to the ______________,dreams are not particularly meaningful,but rather,are merely the result of random neural activity that the brain then interprets.

A) Freudian wish fulfillment theory
B) cognitive-process dream theory
C) problem-solving dream model
D) altered states model
E) activation-synthesis theory

Answer 1

activation-synthesis theory

Question 2

Last night,you had a dream about spilling milk all over the kitchen table.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,spilling the milk is part of the dream's

A) manifest content.
B) latent content.
C) cognitive process.
D) Stage 4 content.
E) unconscious synthesis.

Answer 2

manifest content.

Question 3

Alcohol acts as a depressant on the nervous system by

A) increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
B) decreasing levels of glutamate.
C) increasing levels of norepinephrine.
D) destroying ACh neurons.
E) both increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)AND decreasing levels of glutamate.

Answer 3

both increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)AND decreasing levels of glutamate.

Question 4

As discussed in the textbook,researchers investigating the relationship between sleep deprivation and its effect on performance have found that

A) participants learning new tasks show more rapid eye movement during REM sleep than those not learning a new task.
B) performance on a memory task is greater if the participant spent 4 hours sleeping rather than 4 hours of activity.
C) sleep deprivation impairs performance on critical thinking tasks.
D) after exam periods students experience more REM sleep and more rapid eye movement during REM sleep than at other times.
E) all of these are correct

Question 5

The major difference between nightmares and night terrors is that

A) intense nightmares heighten physiological arousal and extreme anxiety,whereas night terrors do not.
B) nightmares can occur with sleepwalking,whereas no sleepwalking occurs during night terrors.
C) nightmares occur during REM,whereas night terrors occur during deep sleep.
D) nightmares occur during deep sleep,whereas night terrors occur during REM.
E) people are unable to remember nightmares,but can remember night terrors.

Question 6

Which of the following theories would explain dreams as a form of wish fulfillment?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic theory
B) Cognitive problem-solving dream model
C) Hobson & McCarley's activation-synthesis theory
D) Antrobus's integrated theory of dreaming
E) Cognitive-process dream theory

Question 7

"Other people cannot directly know what reality is for you,and you cannot enter directly into their experiences." This statement best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of consciousness?

A) consciousness is dynamic
B) consciousness is self-reflective
C) consciousness is subjective and private
D) consciousness is static
E) consciousness is subject to rules

Question 8

A drug that is classified as an agonist may __________ the activity of a neurotransmitter by __________.

A) decrease;preventing reuptake of the neurotransmitter from the synapse
B) decrease;blocking the postsynaptic receptor site
C) decrease;interfering with the production,storage,or release of a neurotransmitter
D) increase;blocking the postsynaptic receptor site
E) increase;preventing reuptake of the neurotransmitter from the synapse

Question 9

"Amphetamine psychosis" results in schizophrenia-like symptoms of hallucinations and paranoid delusions.According to the textbook,these effects likely occur because amphetamines

A) increase GABA levels in the brain.
B) increase dopamine levels in the brain.
C) decrease dopamine levels in the brain.
D) decrease norepinephrine levels in the brain.
E) increase norepinephrine levels in the brain.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding sleep across the lifespan?

A) the elderly require more sleep than young children
B) newborn infants rarely experience REM sleep
C) REM sleep decreases dramatically during infancy and early childhood
D) on average,15- to 24-year-olds average about six hours of sleep per night
E) Both the elderly require more sleep than young children AND newborn infants rarely experience REM sleep

Question 11

According to Freud,which of the following statements is/are FALSE?

A) Individuals are not currently aware of the content of their preconscious,but the content can be easily recalled.
B) The mind is comprised of three levels of awareness.
C) The unconscious contains unacceptable urges and desires that are stemming from instinctual sexual and aggressive drives.
D) Under normal circumstances,the contents of the unconscious are easy for an individual to access.
E) Both individuals are not currently aware of the content of their preconscious,but the content can be easily recalled AND under normal circumstances,the contents of the unconscious are easy for an individual to access.

Question 12

According to cognitive psychologists,

A) conscious and unconscious mental life are complementary forms of information processing.
B) the unconscious mind is an "adversary" of the conscious mind.
C) unconscious thought processes are not important in understanding human behavior.
D) the unconscious mind is driven by instinctive urges and repressed conflicts.
E) conscious thought processes are not important in understanding human behavior.

Question 13

_____________ propose that hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the "role" of being hypnotized.

A) Social cognitive theories
B) Dissociation theories
C) Psychodynamic theories
D) Behavioural theories
E) Divided consciousness theories

Question 14

As you progress through a nightly sleep cycle,your brain-wave pattern changes from ______ at the very beginning of sleep to ______ at the end of the first cycle.

A) delta;alpha
B) fast,low amplitude waves;slow,high amplitude waves
C) sleep spindles;theta waves
D) REM sleep;beta waves
E) alpha;beta

Question 15

Which of the following statements is/are FALSE regarding REM sleep?

A) During REM sleep,there is an absence of voluntary muscle movement
B) REM sleep is characterized primarily by delta brain-wave activity
C) During REM sleep,dreams are typically vivid and have a storylike quality
D) Nightmares typically occur during REM sleep
E) Both REM sleep is characterized primarily by delta brain-wave activity AND nightmares typically occur during REM sleep

Question 16

Many people believe that sleepwalking is related to dreaming - you are acting out your dreams.Which of the following is the best argument against this interpretation?

A) Sleepwalking occurs in REM sleep.
B) You cannot walk in your sleep.
C) Sleepwalking is really an attempt for wish fulfillment.
D) Sleepwalking occurs in stage 3 or stage 4 of sleep.
E) Sleepwalking is a phenomenon of cataplexy.

Question 17

Stage 2 sleep is characterized by

A) a form of light sleep where you can easily be awakened.
B) very slow-wave sleep and sudden body jerks.
C) rhythmic alpha waves.
D) sleep spindles and relaxed muscles.
E) decrease in brain activity and hard to awaken.

Question 18

In a study by Pilcher & Walters (1997),students were deprived of a night's sleep and then asked to perform a critical thinking task.When compared to non-sleep deprived students,those students who missed a night's sleep

A) performed more poorly on the critical thinking task,but believed that they performed better and concentrated harder.
B) performed more poorly on the critical thinking task,but correctly perceived that performance and concentration were impaired.
C) performed better on the critical thinking task,but incorrectly perceived that performance and concentration were impaired.
D) performed better on the critical thinking task,and correctly perceived that their performance and concentration were superior.
E) performed the same on the critical thinking task as the non-sleep deprived group.

Question 19

According to your text,one of the best treatments for SAD is

A) phototherapy.
B) injections of melatonin.
C) having very weak indoor lighting.
D) to adjust your circadian cycle one to two hours a day.
E) moving in a clockwise direction.

Question 20

At night,the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)located in the hypothalamus

A) are inactive allowing melatonin levels to increase thereby promoting relaxation and sleepiness.
B) are inactive allowing melatonin levels to decrease thereby promoting relaxation and sleepiness.
C) are more active allowing melatonin levels to increase thereby promoting relaxation and sleepiness.
D) are more active allowing melatonin levels to decrease thereby promoting relaxation and sleepiness.
E) are stimulated directly from the cortex.

Question 21

A new drug works by stimulating the release of a particular neurotransmitter.We would classify this drug as

A) an antagonist.
B) an agonist.
C) an SSRI.
D) a stimulant.
E) a depressant.

Question 22

If an individual was unable to regulate the circadian rhythms,you might suspect a deficiency in levels of

A) SCN.
B) melatonin.
C) GABA.
D) dopamine.
E) antagonists.

Question 23

Which of the following supports the restoration model of sleep?

A) Ordinary people sleep about twice as long following strenuous exercise.
B) Sleep deprivation results in narcolepsy.
C) Animals that stay up all night sleep much longer during the day.
D) Build up of adenosine is related to "fuel consumption" in cells.
E) Our ancestors did not go out at night.

Question 24

You are examining the EEG records of an individual in a sleep lab.The tracing shows a series of high frequency waves resembling alpha or beta waves.But the individual is not awake.Most likely,this individual is in

A) stage 4 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.
E) a dissociative state.

Question 25

If you were trying to gather support for the dissociation theory of hypnosis,which of the following would you look for?

A) evidence of suggestibility
B) a "hidden observer"
C) more activity in the right hemisphere versus the left
D) a perceptual set
E) willingness of people to perform actions "against their will"

Question 26

A patient with visual agnosia may be able to reach for and grab an object,but unable to tell you what it is.How can this happen?

A) Activation-synthesis has failed to activate.
B) The grasping behaviour was accidental.
C) The patient actually suffers from blindsight.
D) The patient is likely not telling the truth-they know what the object is.
E) There is more than one neural pathway for the processing of visual information.

Question 27

A patient reports to the emergency room complaining of hallucinations and delusions.However,the person does not have schizophrenia.Which of the following would you suspect?

A) the patient consumed too much alcohol
B) the patient is experiencing withdrawal
C) amphetamine psychosis
D) tardive dyskinesia
E) severe antagonistic effect

Question 28

According to the _______________ dreams are very meaningful and reflect your desires.

A) Freudian wish fulfillment theory
B) cognitive-process dream theory
C) problem-solving dream model
D) altered states model
E) activation-synthesis theory

Question 29

As you take a particular drug,you will eventually develop a tolerance for this drug.This is due,in part,to

A) the withdrawal effects.
B) reuptake.
C) the body producing myopia.
D) the antagonist action of the drug.
E) the body producing compensatory responses.

Question 30

A friend of yours is a heavy amphetamine user.Last week he stopped taking the drug and "crashed".Why did this happen?

A) withdrawal set in and reversed the effect of the stimulant
B) norepinephrine and dopamine supplies have been depleted
C) crystal meth is an SSRI
D) meth increases the activity of GABA
E) amphetamines block reuptake of dopamine