Deck 12: Development Over the Lifespan

Question 1

In his model of psychosocial development,Erik Erikson proposed that personality is

A) predetermined by innate temperaments that are apparent at birth.
B) shaped exclusively by the child's type of attachment.
C) determined by meeting a hierarchy of needs.
D) shaped by the zone of proximal development.
E) shaped by the resolution of a series of psychosocial crises.

Answer 1

shaped by the resolution of a series of psychosocial crises.

Question 2

When placed in the strange situation test,Erica is distressed when her mother leaves the room,and happily greats her when she returns.When mom is around she explores the playroom and does not seem distressed when a stranger enters.Erica would most likely be classified as

A) anxious-avoidant.
B) securely attached.
C) anxious-resistant.
D) resistant-avoidant.
E) cannot classify.

Answer 2

securely attached.

Question 3

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness.To do this,she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10,and then follows them for the next 10 years,checking in periodically to gather additional information.This design is best described as

A) a cross-sectional design.
B) a longitudinal design.
C) a placebo design.
D) a sequential design.
E) a tracking design.

Answer 3

a longitudinal design.

Question 4

As was discussed in the textbook,the type of parenting that is associated with high control and high warmth,and the best outcomes for children is the:

A) authoritarian style
B) permissive style
C) authoritative style
D) unengaged style
E) communist style

Question 5

According to Jean Piaget,___________ involves the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change.

A) conservation
B) sensorimotor adaptation
C) assimilation
D) accommodation
E) object permanence

Question 6

Though he previously showed no problems with strangers,little Joey has become more apprehensive around them when he is upset,and he frequently is inconsolable until his mother or father picks him up.Bowlby would most likely classify Joey as being in the _____________ attachment behaviour phase.

A) explicit
B) definitive
C) precise
D) specific
E) none of the these

Question 7

When placed in the strange situation,Eric shows no distress at all when his mother leaves the room,and by the same token,he is not very excited when she returns.Overall,he doesn't appear to be very attached to his mother,but he doesn't resist when she picks him up to give him a kiss.Eric would most likely be classified as

A) anxious-avoidant.
B) securely attached.
C) anxious-resistant.
D) resistant-avoidant.
E) cannot classify.

Question 8

Which of the following is FALSE regarding information processing and aging?

A) Reaction time declines as we get older.
B) Memory for new factual information declines during adulthood.
C) Spatial memory declines with age.
D) Verbal memory for meaningful sentences declines more slowly than for unrelated words.
E) Recognition declines more strongly than recall.

Question 9

Based on the results of studies examining parenting and marital satisfaction,during which of the following times would you predict that marital satisfaction would be highest?

A) the year after the birth of the first child
B) when the child is 8 years old
C) when the child is 16 years old
D) the year after the child has left home for college
E) marital satisfaction remains the same throughout the years

Question 10

Which of the below statements about newborn visual preferences is NOT true?

A) infants prefer patterned to non-patterned stimuli
B) infants prefer their mother's face (perhaps based on hairline)to a stranger's face
C) infants prefer simpler patterns to complex patterns
D) infants prefer faces to simpler patterns
E) infants prefer novel to familiar stimuli

Question 11

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a child in the concrete operational stage if you asked him/her to draw a map specifying the route to school?

A) the child would be unable to do so
B) the child would be unable to do so,but could physically lead you to the school
C) the child would be unable to do so,but could give you verbal directions on how to get to the school
D) the child could draw a basic map of the usual route to school
E) the child could draw a map outlining an unusual or creative way to school

Question 12

A graduate student decides to replicate the famous Harlow experiment with infant monkeys.The monkeys are isolated from birth and are raised with either a cloth surrogate mother or a wire surrogate mother that provides nourishment.The student predicts that the infant monkeys will be attached to the cloth surrogate mother.This prediction is based on the concept of

A) stranger anxiety.
B) discriminate attachment.
C) contact comfort.
D) separation anxiety.
E) a stable food provider.

Question 13

A teenager who says to herself that nobody else could possibly comprehend the struggles and difficulties she has been through is best demonstrating one of the two presumed parts of adolescent egocentrism called

A) gender identity.
B) identify diffusion.
C) the imaginary audience.
D) identity confusion.
E) the personal fable.

Question 14

A child shows object permanence,but fails on a conservation problem.According to Piaget,this child is in the

A) formal operational stage.
B) sensorimotor stage.
C) preoperational stage.
D) concrete operational stage.
E) zone of proximal development.

Question 15

Reaching puberty earlier than fellow peers is associated with

A) negative outcomes for both boys and girls.
B) negative outcomes for girls but positive outcomes for boys.
C) negative outcomes for boys but positive outcomes for girls.
D) positive outcomes for both boys and girls.
E) reaching puberty earlier than fellow peers has no effect on outcomes for both boys and girls.

Question 16

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness.To do this,she identifies a group of 100 shy children-50 eight-year-olds and 50 ten-year-olds.She takes various measures of shyness and compares the two groups.This design is best described as

A) a cross-sectional design.
B) a longitudinal design.
C) a placebo design.
D) a sequential design.
E) a tracking design.

Question 17

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development,all of the following should be true,EXCEPT

A) children make moral decisions based on punishment before they make them based on rewards
B) children make moral decisions based on social expectations before they make them based on rewards
C) children make moral decisions based on punishment before they make them based on social expectations
D) children make moral decisions based on individual rights before they make them based on abstract,ethical principles
E) both children make moral decisions based on punishment before they make them based on rewards AND children make moral decisions based on social expectations before they make them based on rewards

Question 18

Which of the following is most characteristic of a child born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

A) intellectual deficits,heart malformations,and deafness
B) fussy temperament,low birth weight,and visual disturbances
C) low birth weight,complications during delivery,and attentional deficits later in childhood
D) small malformed brains,intellectual deficits,and impaired social skills
E) facial abnormalities,irritability,and social unresponsiveness

Question 19

Some people believe that if a person has not learned a second language in childhood,learning a second language as an adult,while possible,is a much more difficult task.This belief would support a(n)_________ view of bilingualism.

A) sensitive period
B) critical period
C) motivational
D) innate
E) restrictive period

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding the sex of a child is true?

A) the sex of a child is determined by the father's genetic contribution
B) the sex of a child is determined by the mother's genetic contribution
C) the sex of a child is determined by both the mother's and the father's genetic contributions
D) the sex of a child is unrelated to the genetic contribution of either parent
E) the sex of a child can be determined by either the mother's or the father's genetic contributions

Question 21

You encounter a new group of humans living in the jungles of New Guinea.As you observe infant development,which of the following predictions would you make?

A) Brain weight for the infant will be about the same as for the adults.
B) Growth will proceed in a cephalocaudal pattern.
C) Body maturation will begin with outermost portions and most inward.
D) Infants will not be able to see at birth.
E) The neural network present at birth does not change in complexity over the first two years.

Question 22

According to Kubler-Ross and her work on the stages involved in dying,the first stage one encounters is

A) denial.
B) depression.
C) bargaining.
D) acceptance.
E) anger.

Question 23

Jena has high self-esteem,is a high achiever at school,and demonstrates very few conduct problems.Most likely,the parenting style used by her parents was

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) indulgent.
E) neglectful.

Question 24

An adolescent is going through a search for identity.She wants to establish an identity and is currently experiencing a crisis,but it has not been resolved.According to Marcia's work on identity status,this adolescent is in the stage of

A) identity diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) identity achievement.
D) moratorium.
E) crisis management.

Question 25

A teenager who believes that she is always "on stage" and that everybody will notice how she looks and what she does is demonstrating one of the two presumed parts of adolescent egocentrism called

A) gender identity.
B) identify diffusion.
C) the imaginary audience.
D) identity confusion.
E) the personal fable.

Question 26

Parents often like to dress little girls in pink clothes and little boys in blue clothes.While seemingly inconsequential,this actually is a clear example of

A) gender consistency.
B) sexual identity.
C) sex-typing.
D) gender indulgence.
E) the personal fable.

Question 27

Mia is having trouble with the concept of "odd and even numbers." Her teacher helps Mia by getting her to count to 10.The teacher notes that she started with an odd number (1),then went to an even number (2),and then alternated,odd,even,odd,even until she hit the number 10.Mia finally gets it.According to Vygotsky and his work on social context,Mia understood because the teacher moved Mia into

A) the zone of proximal development.
B) the stage of concrete operations.
C) the next theory of mind.
D) the period of autonomy.
E) a higher level of working memory.

Question 28

According to Piaget,young children who show egocentrism are in the

A) sensorimotor stage.
B) preoperational stage.
C) concrete operational stage.
D) formal operational stage.
E) post-formal stage.

Question 29

The research on Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning would suggest all of the following EXCEPT

A) as children grow older,they progress from preconventional to conventional levels.
B) postconventional reasoning is relatively uncommon.
C) Kohlberg's theory has a Western cultural bias.
D) Kohlberg's theory reflects a female bias-men actually place greater value on responsibility.
E) moral judgements do not always reflect the same level or stage.