Deck 1: The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology

Question 1

Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?

A)Pasteur
B)Koch
C)Semmelweiss
D)Lister

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Proteins function in modern cells as

A)catalysts.
B)hereditary information.
C)structural elements.
D)both catalysts and structural elements.
ASM

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)urkaryotes.
D)nokaryotes.

Question 5

Archaea are cellular organisms that have unique cell membrane __________.

Question 6

Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?

A)Fracastoro
B)Koch
C)Pasteur
D)Lister
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 7

All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.

Question 8

RNA serves to convert the information stored in DNA to ________.

A)carbohydrates
B)protein
C)lipids
D)RNA
ASM

Question 9

Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?

A)Pasteur
B)Lister
C)van Leeuwenhoek
D)Tyndall
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Differentiate the biological entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biologists
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 10

Microbiologists study a variety of organisms,but all are considered either Bacteria or Archaea.

Question 11

Catalytic proteins speed up the myriad of chemical reactions that occur in cells; these proteins are known as

A)ribozymes
B)nucleic acids
C)enzymes
D)lipids
ASM

Question 12

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology?

A)The size of the organism studied.
B)The techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size.
C)Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms.
D)Neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size.

Question 13

The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by

A)Pasteur.
B)Woese.
C)Needham.
D)Watson.
ASM

Question 14

Protists contain all of the following forms of life except

A)protozoa.
B)fungi.
C)slime molds.
D)algae.
ASM

Question 15

Extant microorganisms are organisms from the fossil record that are no longer present on Earth today.

Question 16

Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)urkaryotes.
D)nokaryotes.
ASM

Question 17

Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.

Question 18

The earliest microbial fossils that have been found are dated from approximately 4.5 million years ago.

Question 19

All cellular organisms can be placed into one of three __________,which include the Bacteria,Archaea,and the Eukarya.

Question 20

Definition of life includes all of the following except

A)cells maintain internal order.
B)cells use energy and have a metabolism.
C)cells reproduce.
D)cells lack response to external environment.

Question 21

The criteria for establishing a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease were first proposed by Jacob Henle.

Question 22

Edward Jenner's work in preventing rabies led to the use of the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the prevention of disease.
Blooms Level: 2.Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 23

Agar is used as a solidifying agent for microbiological media because it is not readily digested by most microorganisms.

Question 24

Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat-resistant form of bacteria that are called endospores?

A)Schwann
B)Redi
C)Tyndall
D)Pasteur

Question 25

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

A)Pasteur.
B)Lister.
C)Jenner.
D)Kitasato.

Question 26

M.J.Berkeley demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.

Question 27

The first surgical antiseptic to be used was

A)iodine.
B)ethanol.
C)phenol.
D)none of the choices.

Question 28

Koch's postulates were instrumental in establishing that Mycobacterium leprae is the cause of leprosy.

Question 29

Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease-causing bacteria?

A)von Behring
B)Meister
C)Metchnikoff
D)Ivanowski
Blooms Level: 2.Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 30

Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blood of rabbits.These antitoxins (antibodies)are the basis of

A)humoral immunity.
B)cell-mediated immunity.
C)antibiotic immunity.
D)phagocyte-mediated immunity.
Blooms Level: 2.Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 31

The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by

A)Beijerinck.
B)Jenner.
C)Pasteur.
D)von Behring.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 32

Viruses and bacteria were first cultured in the laboratory at about the same time.
Blooms Level: 2.Understand
Section: 01.03

Question 33

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called

A)biogenesis.
B)cell theory.
C)spontaneous generation.
D)germ theory.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 34

Although developed over 100 years ago,Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.

Question 35

Invisible living creatures were thought to exist and cause disease long before they were ever observed.
Blooms Level: 2.Understand
Section: 01.03

Question 36

Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?

A)Koch
B)Pasteur
C)Jenner
D)Lister

Question 37

Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?

A)Koch
B)Pasteur
C)Jenner
D)Lister
Blooms Level: 2.Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 38

Fanny Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 39

The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the

A)cell theory.
B)germ theory.
C)causative theory.
D)disease theory.

Question 40

Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be

A)impotent.
B)virulent.
C)pathogenic.
D)attenuated.

Question 41

The branch of microbiology that deals with the mechanisms by which the human body protects itself from disease-causing organisms is called __________.

Question 42

__________ was the first to isolate a root nodule bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation.

Question 43

Agastino Bassi demonstrated that a type of silkworm disease was caused by a fungus and proposed that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Question 44

Robert Koch developed a vaccine that could be used to prevent anthrax.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 45

__________ and __________ microbiology investigates the spoilage of products for human consumption and the use of microorganisms in the production of cheese,yogurt,pickles,beer,and the like.

Question 46

The branch of microbiology that studies the relationship between microorganisms and their habitats is called __________.

Question 47

__________ microbiology involves the use of microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics,vaccines,steroids,alcohols,vitamins,amino acids,and enzymes.

Question 48

The relationship between specific bacteria and specific diseases was first demonstrated by Koch.

Question 49

__________ microbiologists monitor community food establishments and water supplies in order to control the spread of communicable diseases.

Question 50

Microbial __________ are scientists who investigate the synthesis of antibiotics and toxins,the production of energy with microorganisms,and the ways in which microorganisms survive harsh environmental conditions.

Question 51

Some microorganisms are useful in bioremediation processes that reduce the effects of pollution.

Question 52

The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of two eukaryotic organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 53

The usefulness of agar in solidifying microbiological growth media is limited because it does not remain solid at temperatures above 28^oC.

Question 54

Charles Chamberland developed porcelain filters that allowed other scientists to demonstrate that viruses are smaller than bacteria.

Question 55

Elie Metchnikoff discovered __________,which is a major feature of the host immune response.
Blooms Level: 3.Apply
Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch,Cohn,Beijerinck,von Behring,Kitasato,Metchnikoff ,and Winogradsky
Section: 01.03

Question 56

__________ discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron,sulfur,and ammonia to obtain energy.

Question 57

John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.

Question 58

The first disease to be identified as being caused by a virus was tobacco mosaic disease.

Question 59

The branch of microbiology that deals with diseases of humans and animals is called __________ microbiology.

Question 60

An Italian physician,__________,challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots do not arise from decaying meat but rather from developing fly eggs.

Question 61

Microbial __________ focuses on the nature of heredity and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms.