Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

Sociology and social psychology differ in:

A) their focus but not their methods.
B) their methods but not their focus.
C) both their methods and focus.
D) neither their methods nor focus.

Answer 1

both their methods and focus.

Question 2

In recent years,about 1 in _____ couples has met online.

A) 8
B) 6
C) 4
D) 3

Answer 2

4

Question 3

Dr.Mohammed is a sociologist.Dr.Johannes is a social psychologist.Which of these scientists focuses on group behavior?

A) Only Dr.Mohammed focuses on group behavior.
B) Only Dr.Johannes focuses on group behavior.
C) Both of these scientists focus on group behavior.
D) Neither of these scientists focuses on group behavior.

Answer 3

Only Dr.Mohammed focuses on group behavior.

Question 4

One makes an attribution when one:

A) evaluates an object,person,situation,or idea.
B) resolves the conflict between two contradictory thoughts.
C) is influenced by a persuasive message.
D) decides what is causing an individual's behavior.

Question 5

Which statement BEST expresses the relationships among social cognition,attitudes,and attribution?

A) Attribution and social cognition are aspects of attitudes.
B) Attitudes,attribution,and social cognition are different topics of study in social psychology.
C) Attitudes are studied in sociology,whereas attribution is studied in social psychology.
D) Attitudes and attribution are aspects of social cognition.

Question 6

In a social psychological experiment,Aaliyah is secretly working for the experimenters by acting as a bystander.Aaliyah is a(n):

A) participant.
B) stooge.
C) assistant.
D) confederate.

Question 7

Internet dating has existed for about _____ years.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 30

Question 8

Individual behavior is the focus of:

A) social psychology.
B) sociology.
C) both social psychology and sociology.
D) neither social psychology nor sociology.

Question 9

Dr.Scholz is reading an article describing research in which in investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks.Dr.Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

A) Educational
B) Social
C) Cognitive
D) Developmental

Question 10

Which is the BEST term for the attribution one makes when one believes that the cause of another's behavior is temporary?

A) uncontrollable
B) unstable
C) internal
D) dispositional

Question 11

_____ psychologists investigate human cognition,emotion,and behavior in relation to other people.

A) Developmental
B) Cognitive
C) Social
D) Personality

Question 12

Social _____ is the branch of social psychology that investigates how people process social information and how they think about other people.

A) cognition
B) intelligence
C) perception
D) learning

Question 13

Marci suggests that the aggressiveness of her sister's new friend is the result of the friend's abuse during childhood.Marci's inference about the cause of the girl's behavior is an example of:

A) an attribution.
B) an attitude.
C) altruism.
D) deindividuation.

Question 14

When researchers _____,they must reveal any deception in a study and ensure that participants are unharmed.This takes place at the _____ of an experimental session.

A) debrief participants; beginning
B) debrief participants; end
C) obtain informed consent; beginning
D) obtain informed consent; end

Question 15

Dr.Perez is conducting research about how people form impressions of others and how they interpret one another's behavior in a variety of situations.Dr.Perez is probably a(n)_____ psychologist.

A) developmental
B) clinical
C) cognitive
D) social

Question 16

A _____ might study the political attitudes of individual voters.A ____ might study the behavior of political parties.

A) social psychologist; social psychologist
B) social psychologist; sociologist
C) sociologist; social psychologist
D) sociologist; sociologist

Question 17

In social psychological experiments,confederates play the role of:

A) participants.
B) experimenters.
C) bystanders.
D) participants,experimenters,or bystanders.

Question 18

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior,including one's own,is called:

A) compliance.
B) persuasion.
C) altruism.
D) attribution.

Question 19

In social psychological experiments,an individual who secretly works for the experimenters is called a(n):

A) participant.
B) stooge.
C) confederate.
D) assistant.

Question 20

Dr.Chen lists her research interests as "attitude formation and attributional biases." Dr.Chen's field of specialization is social:

A) learning.
B) cognition.
C) intelligence.
D) perception.

Question 21

In determining the causes of others' behavior,people overemphasize _____ factors; this is the _____.

A) dispositional; fundamental attribution error
B) dispositional; self-serving bias
C) situational; self-serving bias
D) situational; fundamental attribution error

Question 22

Joanie's friend yells at her for being five minutes late for lunch.Rather than believe her friend is a rude jerk,Joanie decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner.Joanie is making a(n)_____ attribution about her friend's behavior.

A) situational
B) dispositional
C) uncontrollable
D) stable

Question 23

Juan was shopping for a new watch,and the salesperson pressured him to spend money way above his financial limit.Juan attributed this behavior to the salesperson's pushy personality.Juan was attributing his behavior to _____ factors.

A) uncontrollable
B) situational
C) dispositional
D) unstable

Question 24

The fundamental attribution error involves:

A) becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion.
B) performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others.
C) underestimating the situational influences on another person's behavior.
D) losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

Question 25

Dispositional attributions are:

A) the same thing as internal attributions.
B) one type of internal attribution.
C) the opposite of internal attributions.
D) similar to internal attributions.

Question 26

"He probably cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This statement is a _____ attribution.

A) dispositional
B) situational
C) central
D) peripheral

Question 27

When American soldiers tortured and humiliated Iraqis in Abu Ghraib in 2004 the soldiers claimed they did so because of social roles and the demands for obedience.Such explanations for the U.S.soldiers' behavior reflect _____ attributions.

A) situational
B) dispositional
C) uncontrollable
D) stable

Question 28

Mrs.Beatty keeps an extremely clean and tidy house.One neighbor says she has a compulsive personality; Mrs.Beatty,though,says that her active family and busy job force her to stay organized,and she wants to set a good example for her children.These contrasting explanations illustrate the difference between _____ and _____ attributions.

A) controllable; uncontrollable
B) dispositional; situational
C) stable; unstable
D) central; peripheral

Question 29

Despite her parents' poverty,Dusty earned a PhD at a prestigious university.Dusty credits her educational success to hardiness and resilience and blames her inability to manage money on the culture of poverty in which she was raised.Dusty reflects an attributional bias known as the:

A) just-world hypothesis.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-serving bias.
D) false consensus effect.

Question 30

The pressure of social roles and the presence of demands for obedience have been cited to explain events at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq,where U.S.soldiers tortured and humiliated Iraqis in 2004.This explanation given by Americans for America's own failures reflects the:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) self-serving bias.
D) false consensus effect.

Question 31

Tim's new roommate Jaxon leaves dirty laundry all over his room,and Tim assumes he must be a slob.Tim ignores the fact that Jaxon is currently studying for finals and working 30 hours per week.Tim is demonstrating:

A) the door-in-the-face effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) diffusion of responsibility.

Question 32

If students do well on a test,they say,"I got an A!" If they do poorly,they say,"The professor gave me an F." This BEST illustrates the:

A) false consensus effect.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 33

Which statement reflects a dispositional attribution? "She cheated on the exam because:

A) the test was much more difficult than she had anticipated."
B) she didn't have time to study."
C) the test was so important to her GPA."
D) she's dishonest."

Question 34

If Slade is exhibiting the self-serving bias,which would be his MOST likely explanation for a poor grade on a test?

A) "The professor doesn't know how to teach the material."
B) "I'm just not very good at this subject."
C) "I didn't study enough to get a good grade."
D) "In general,I'm not very smart."

Question 35

Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline.His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment.This example illustrates the:

A) false consensus effect.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 36

We expect the people we meet to be more or less the same as we are.Social psychologists call this the:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) self-serving bias.
D) false consensus effect.

Question 37

_____ attributions are often called situational attributions.

A) Uncontrollable
B) Unstable
C) Internal
D) External

Question 38

Mary Alice's boss at the restaurant where she works wants to meet with her concerning a complaint from a customer yesterday.Mary Alice thinks the customer complained because they were short-staffed at the restaurant.In other words Mary Alice has made a _____ attribution about the reason for the complaint.

A) uncontrollable
B) situational
C) dispositional
D) stable

Question 39

Summer watches as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall.If she demonstrates the fundamental attribution error,how would Summer explain the student's behavior?

A) She must have tripped over something.
B) She had too many books to carry.
C) She is a clumsy person.
D) She was trying to get out of someone's way.

Question 40

While eating at the university café,Janet sees a waiter's serving tray tilt,and the food and beverages spill onto four people."What a careless,clumsy idiot," Janet mumbles to herself as she resumes eating.Janet has just committed:

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 41

With respect to their origin,attitudes are:

A) entirely "nature."
B) mostly "nature."
C) mostly "nurture."
D) entirely "nurture."

Question 42

Shaun is angry at the way a coworker has treated him.Shaun feels justified in his anger because he believes that anybody would feel the same way if the same thing happened to them.This example reveals Shaun's susceptibility to the:

A) false consensus effect.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 43

Nadine has consistent thoughts and feelings about a Web site used to enroll in health insurance.Nadine has a(n):

A) schema.
B) appraisal.
C) attitude.
D) attribution.

Question 44

If you have one advertisement that will likely be heard by people who are very interested in a product,and another advertisement that will likely reach people less interested in the product,which ad or ads should rely on the central route and which ad or ads should rely on the peripheral route?

A) The ad being heard by people interested in the topic should rely on the central route,the ad being heard by people who are not interested in the produce should rely on the peripheral route.
B) The ad being heard by people interested in the topic should rely on the peripheral route,the ad being heard by people who are not interested in the produce should rely on the central route.
C) Both ads should rely on the peripheral route.
D) Both ads should rely on the central route.

Question 45

Before Rhonda left for college,she told her friend Michelle that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and she would never consider joining one.However,during Rhonda's first week on campus,she was approached by a sorority member who invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge.After Rhonda attended the party,she told Michelle,"Sororities do a lot of good things for the community.They're really service organizations." Rhonda's change in attitude to match her behavior reflects:

A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) cognitive dissonance reduction.
C) an unstable attribution.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 46

Cognitive dissonance was first investigated by:

A) Asch.
B) Diener.
C) Milgram.
D) Festinger.

Question 47

In a classic cognitive dissonance study,researchers paid participants either $1 or $20 to say a dull task was interesting.The _____ graph of the results would show that a _____ percentage of the $20 participants rated the task as interesting.

A) bar; greater
B) bar; lower
C) line; greater
D) line; lower

Question 48

An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car.One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive.The first ad relies on the _____ route to persuasion; the second,on the ____ route.

A) central; peripheral
B) peripheral; central
C) primary; secondary
D) secondary; primary

Question 49

Are fear-producing messages effective?

A) No,they are rarely effective.
B) Yes,if they suggest a way that the audience can reduce the fear.
C) Yes,if they provoke a high level of arousal in the audience.
D) Yes,they are usually highly effective.

Question 50

When people's attitudes clash with their behavior,they experience a state of psychological tension called:

A) deindividuation.
B) the door-in-the-face effect.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 51

Which attributional bias is correctly matched with its definition?

A) false consensus effect - People overemphasize dispositional factors when explaining other people's behavior.
B) just-world hypothesis - People tend to think that other people get what they deserve.
C) self-serving bias - People assume that in a similar situation,other people would act the same way they would.
D) fundamental attribution error - People attribute their own successes to dispositional factors and their failures to situational ones.

Question 52

Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes an upcoming election is very important to the future.Blanche would most likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the ________ route to persuasion.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) central
D) peripheral

Question 53

Hugh bought a new calculator for $125.One week later,he saw an ad from another store showing the same calculator on sale for $65.Hugh said,"I'm still glad I got my calculator; the cheaper ones are probably defective.I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects:

A) cognitive dissonance reduction.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the just-world hypothesis.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 54

Stable thoughts,feelings,and responses toward objects,people,situations,or ideas are called:

A) attitudes.
B) appraisals.
C) schemas.
D) attributions.

Question 55

Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of:

A) routes to persuasion.
B) conformity.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) obedience.

Question 56

An advertising agency is developing advertisements to promote a political candidate.One ad is a radio spot airing during "drive time," when listeners are stressed,distracted,and impatient.Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines.How do these different types of ads relate to the routes to persuasion?

A) Both the radio spot and the print ad will rely on the peripheral route.
B) The radio spot will rely on the peripheral route,the print ad will rely on the central route.
C) Both the radio spot and the print ad will rely on the central route.
D) The print adwill rely on the peripheral route,the radio ad will rely on the central route.

Question 57

Which choice correctly describes the cognitive component of Kenny's attitude toward same-sex marriage?

A) Kenny celebrates when a same-sex marriage begins in a neighboring state.
B) Kenny signs a petition to repeal a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in his state.
C) Kenny believes that everyone should be afforded the same opportunity to marry.
D) Kenny votes for same-sex marriage in a statewide referendum.

Question 58

According to cognitive dissonance theory,which individual would be MOST likely to rate a concert as enjoyable?

A) someone who was given the tickets by a sibling
B) someone who waited 7 hours in the rain to buy tickets
C) someone who had low expectations for the concert
D) someone who decided to go at the last minute

Question 59

_____ refers to intentional efforts to change people's attitudes or behaviors.

A) Persuasion
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Obedience

Question 60

The goal of advertising is to encourage people to view products or services favorably,and,ideally,to purchase them.Advertising's objective,therefore,is:

A) obedience.
B) persuasion.
C) compliance.
D) conformity.

Question 61

Which compliance technique is correctly defined?

A) foot-in-the-door - A person is more likely to comply with a request if he or she has already complied with a smaller request.
B) door-in-the-face - Having refused a large request,a person is more likely to comply with a small request.
C) Both of these compliance techniques are correctly defined.
D) Neither of these compliance techniques is correctly defined.

Question 62

_____ occurs when behavior changes at the request of a person or group with no real authority.

A) Persuasion
B) Compliance
C) Obedience
D) Conformity

Question 63

Classic experimental studies of conformity were conducted in the 1950s by:

A) Asch.
B) Milgram.
C) Zimbardo.
D) Festinger.

Question 64

Conformity based on a desire for approval is called _____ social influence.Conformity based on the desire to reduce uncertainty is called _____ social influence.

A) situational; dispositional
B) normative; informational
C) dispositional; situational
D) informational; normative

Question 65

During a discussion,Dr.Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment.Dr.Roarch counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval.Dr.Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence.Dr.Roarch is suggesting instead that it reflects ____ social influence.

A) central; peripheral
B) peripheral; central
C) normative; informational
D) informational; normative

Question 66

It is an election year,and a volunteer asks if Mrs.Timmins would put a small,one-foot sign in her yard.She agrees.The next week,her husband cannot believe that she agreed to let the volunteer put a new,three-foot-wide sign on the front lawn.This example illustrates:

A) the bystander effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the door-in-the-face technique.
D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 67

The tendency to modify one's attitudes,behaviors,and beliefs to match those of others is called:

A) conformity.
B) compliance.
C) persuasion.
D) obedience.

Question 68

A cell phone manufacturer uses a famous pop singer to advertise its product to teenagers.The company is relying on the _____ route to persuasion.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) central
D) peripheral

Question 69

A magazine publisher asks you to commit to a brief trial subscription.Having committed to the trial subscription,you may be more likely to buy a year-long subscription.This exemplifies the ___________ compliance technique.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-face
C) foot-in-the-door
D) foot-in-the-mouth

Question 70

You are trying to convince your parents to send you to Europe.First,you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city),hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer,more expensive trip.This example illustrates:

A) the bystander effect.
B) the false consensus effect.
C) foot-in-the-door technique.
D) door-in-the-face technique.

Question 71

A man asks you for $10 as you walk past him.You refuse.He then asks for $2.You give it to him.The man has taken advantage of:

A) the door-in-the-face technique.
B) the false consensus effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door technique.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 72

In the Solomon Asch conformity experiments,researchers found that participants were more likely to conform when:

A) participants were drawn from individualistic cultural backgrounds.
B) participants were confident in their ability to perform the task.
C) there was at least one other dissenter in the group.
D) the task seemed difficult to them.

Question 73

In Asch's study on conformity,what percentage of the participants conformed at least once even when they knew their answer to be false?

A) 10%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 74

______ is to _____ as Asch is to Milgram.

A) Compliance; obedience
B) Obedience; conformity
C) Conformity; compliance
D) Conformity; obedience

Question 75

The textbook cites the concept of reciprocal concessions as a potential explanation for the:

A) foot-in-the-door technique.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) door-in-the-face technique.
D) false consensus effect.

Question 76

Early one Halloween evening,Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins.He complied.Later,he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they got him to throw eggs at a passing police car.Bart's experience BEST illustrates the:

A) bystander effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility phenomenon.
C) foot-in-the-door technique.
D) door-in-the-face technique.

Question 77

Luna lives in Houston,Texas,and wants to visit New Orleans during Mardi Gras.First,she asks her dad to buy her an expensive plane ticket so that she can visit a friend in Seattle,Washington,and he refuses.Luna then asks for the bus ticket to New Orleans and he agrees.Luna capitalized on:

A) the door-in-the face technique.
B) the just-world hypothesis.
C) the foot-in-the-door technique.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 78

Marcie is invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton.She has never been served a 10-course meal before,so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection.Because Marcie is in a foreign environment,she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing.For each course,she follows their selection of silverware.Marcie is displaying _____ social influence.

A) situational
B) peripheral
C) informational
D) normative

Question 79

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms.It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening.This is an element of the firm's:

A) roles.
B) norms.
C) schemas.
D) attitudes.

Question 80

In making wedding preparations,Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor.His behavior illustrates the importance of ____ social influence.

A) situational
B) peripheral
C) informational
D) normative