Deck 8: Human Development

Question 1

Critical periods suggest that:

A) personality is altered by relationships and experiences during life.
B) there are at least some definite periods or "stages" in development.
C) personality is generally stable over the life span.
D) development is gradual and continuous,without definite stages.

Answer 1

there are at least some definite periods or "stages" in development.

Question 2

Dr.Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits.Dr.West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits.The two psychologists are on different sides of the _____ debate.

A) stability versus change
B) mind versus body
C) stages versus continuity
D) nature versus nurture

Answer 2

nature versus nurture

Question 3

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to the patterns of physical,cognitive,and socioemotional change occurring throughout life.

A) learning
B) maturation
C) development
D) cognition

Answer 3

development

Question 4

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.

A) stability; change
B) conscious; unconscious
C) heredity; environment
D) stages; continuity

Question 5

The WHO suggests that babies around the world learn to sit between _____ months of age.

A) 4 and 9
B) 2 and 7
C) 3 and 8
D) 5 and 10

Question 6

Which statement about cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs is TRUE?

A) The cross-sectional design provides information regarding age differences,whereas the longitudinal design provides information regarding age changes.
B) The cross-sectional design provides information regarding age changes,whereas the longitudinal design provides information regarding age differences.
C) Both designs provide information regarding age differences rather than age changes.
D) Both designs provide information regarding age changes rather than age differences.

Question 7

Which answer choice is a correct match?

A) longitudinal study - indicates changes over time
B) longitudinal study - susceptible to cohort effects
C) cross-sectional study - requires substantial time investment
D) cross-sectional study - results may reflect a historically specific effect

Question 8

Imagine a scale of 1 to 10,where 1 is "entirely nature" and 10 is "entirely nurture." Based on the textbook's discussion,where would one place the trait of impulsivity on this scale?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

Question 9

Dr.Irwin is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study,while Dr.Jenner is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time.Dr.Irwin is using a _____ research design; Dr.Jenner is using a _____ design.

A) cross-sectional; longitudinal
B) longitudinal; cross-sectional
C) sequential; simultaneous
D) sequential; cross-sectional

Question 10

Dr.Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits.When the same children are 14 years old,she asks them to complete measures of the same traits.Dr.Babineaux then computes correlation coefficients between the two sets of measures.Her results are most relevant to the _____ discussion.

A) stages or continuity
B) environment or heredity
C) stability or change
D) free will or determinism

Question 11

The animal researcher _____ conducted classic studies of imprinting among goslings.

A) Harry Harlow
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Konrad Lorenz
D) Jean Piaget

Question 12

How are critical and sensitive periods related?

A) A sensitive period is a type of critical period.
B) A critical period is the same thing as a sensitive period.
C) A critical period is a type of sensitive period.
D) A critical period is the opposite of a sensitive period.

Question 13

Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills.She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every 6 months over a 2-year period.In this example,Dawn is using a _____ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) sequential
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sequential

Question 14

Dr.Adelson studies how infants form attachments to caregivers; Dr.Bryan investigates eyewitness memory accuracy; and Dr.Chan researches visual perceptions of in adults.Which of these scientists is a developmental psychologist?

A) Only Dr.Adelson is a developmental psychologist.
B) Only Dr.Bryan is a developmental psychologist.
C) Both Dr.Adelson and Dr.Bryan are developmental psychologists,but Dr.Chan is not.
D) Both Dr.Adelson and Dr.Chan are developmental psychologists,but Dr.Bryan is not.

Question 15

Based on the textbook's discussion of the heredity-environment debate,which phrase is MOST accurate in regards to human development?

A) nature,not nurture
B) nurture,not nature
C) nature or nurture
D) nature and nurture

Question 16

Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation.He interviews a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 10-year-olds,and a group of 15-year-olds,and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school.In this example,Mark is using a _____ research design.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sequential
C) factorial
D) cross-sectional

Question 17

Heredity versus environment is another of way of referring to the _____ debate.

A) nature versus nurture
B) stages versus continuity
C) free will versus determinism
D) stability versus change

Question 18

Maturation refers to _____ development.

A) physical
B) emotional
C) cognitive
D) social

Question 19

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence.Which upper-level psychology course should she consider taking next semester?

A) biological psychology
B) developmental psychology
C) learning
D) cognitive psychology

Question 20

Dr.Currie investigates personality development in middle childhood and early adolescence.Dr.Currie specializes in _____ development.

A) physical
B) biological
C) cognitive
D) socioemotional

Question 21

It is possible to determine an embryo's sex _____ weeks after conception through a blood test.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 22

The cross-sequential research design may be seen as:

A) essentially the same thing as a longitudinal design.
B) the opposite of the cross-sectional design.
C) unrelated to either the longitudinal or the cross-sectional design.
D) a combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

Question 23

Which is the MOST common difference of sexual development?

A) 5-alpha reductase deficiency
B) androgen-insensitivity syndrome
C) Turner's syndrome
D) Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 24

The nucleus of a human cell contains _____ chromosomes.

A) 23
B) 23 pairs of
C) 2
D) 2 pairs of

Question 25

Alec is a male.His genetic sex is:

A) X.
B) Y.
C) XY.
D) XX.

Question 26

The outdated term "hermaphrodite" has been replaced by the term:

A) homosexual.
B) intersexual.
C) transgender.
D) transsexual.

Question 27

The mother's egg carries a(n)_____ chromosome,and the father's sperm carries a(n)_____ chromosome.

A) X; Y
B) X; X or Y
C) X or Y; X
D) X or Y; X or Y

Question 28

The sex glands of the fetus are also called:

A) sex determinants.
B) androgens.
C) gonads.
D) zygotes.

Question 29

Lily is investigating variables potentially associated with bullying among school-aged children.In 2013,she selected three samples of children: a group of 9-year-olds,a group of 11-year-olds,and a group-of 13-year-olds.She interviewed the children and asked them to complete several questionnaires.Lily anticipates repeating the procedure with the same children in 2015 and in 2017.Lily's study exemplifies a _____ research design.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cross-sequential
D) multicohort

Question 30

A(n)_____ individual has ambiguous or inconsistent indicators of male or female in the sexual structures or organs.

A) intersexual
B) homosexual
C) transsexual
D) transgender

Question 31

Approximately _____ of infants have differences of sex development at birth.

A) 0.1%
B) 0.5%
C) 1%
D) 2%

Question 32

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the terms "hermaphrodite" and "intersex"?

A) Intersex is a newer term replacing the older term hermaphrodite.
B) Hermaphrodite is a newer term replacing the older term intersex.
C) Intersexuality is one type of hermaphroditism.
D) Hermaphroditism is one variety of intersexuality.

Question 33

Androgen is to estrogen as _____ is to ______.

A) ovaries; testes
B) female; male
C) gonad; adrenal gland
D) testes; ovaries

Question 34

Which sequence represents the units of genetics,from the smallest and most specific to the largest and most inclusive?

A) DNA > gene > chromosome
B) DNA > chromosome > gene
C) gene> DNA > chromosome
D) gene> chromosome > DNA

Question 35

An individual's _____ is composed of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.

A) DNA
B) genotype
C) dominant gene
D) phenotype

Question 36

Fetal genital anatomy can be detected by ultrasound at about:

A) 7 weeks after conception.
B) the end of the embryonic period.
C) the end of the first trimester.
D) the end of the second trimester.

Question 37

Of the differences of sexual development mentioned in the text,the rarest is _____,whereas the MOST common is _____.

A) 5-alpha reductase deficiency; Turner's syndrome
B) 5-alpha reductase deficiency; Klinefelter's syndrome
C) Turner's syndrome; Klinefelter's syndrome
D) Klinefelter's syndrome; androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 38

What percentage of sperm carries the X chromosome?

A) 0%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 100%

Question 39

Brooke is a female.Her genetic sex is:

A) X.
B) Y.
C) XY.
D) XX.

Question 40

Chromosomes are molecules of:

A) DNA.
B) genes.
C) genotypes.
D) phenotypes.

Question 41

Dizygotic twins share _____ of their genetic material.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 42

Which sequence reflects the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth?

A) germinal> embryonic > fetal
B) fetal> embryonic > germinal
C) germinal> fetal > embryonic
D) fetal> germinal > embryonic

Question 43

Amanda is pregnant.Her baby's legs and arms have started to grow,and its intestinal system is beginning to develop.The baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

A) zygotic
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 44

An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:

A) genotype.
B) DNA.
C) phenotype.
D) chromosome.

Question 45

Two weeks after conception,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) blastocyst.

Question 46

As identical twins get older,their observable characteristics become increasingly dissimilar,whereas their genetic makeup remains the same.In other words,their _____ changes,whereas their _____ does not.

A) dominant gene; recessive gene
B) recessive gene; dominant gene
C) genotype; phenotype
D) phenotype; genotype

Question 47

In a gene pair,the _____ gene overpowers the other member of the pair.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 48

From 2 months after conception until birth,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) zygote.
B) neonate.
C) embryo.
D) fetus.

Question 49

_____ is the weakest sense in newborns.

A) Sight
B) Hearing
C) Touch
D) Smell

Question 50

The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy,from conception to implantation,are termed the _____ period.

A) embryonic
B) germinal
C) fetal
D) zygotic

Question 51

Ken and Kendra are fraternal twins.Lara and Lonnie are nontwin siblings.Ken and Kendra share _____ of their genes.Lara and Lonnie share _____ of their genes.

A) 50%; 25%
B) 50%; 50%
C) 100%; 25%
D) 100%; 50%

Question 52

When Tara states that she is fascinated by the way the environment affects the expression of genetic characteristics,Devin suggests she explore the field of:

A) genetics.
B) development psychology.
C) epigenetics.
D) biopsychology.

Question 53

The longest part of a pregnancy,from the eighth week to birth,is called the _____ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) critical
D) fetal

Question 54

A teratogen is:

A) an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
B) a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder.
C) any physical defect in an unborn child.
D) a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.

Question 55

Close vision is well-established by the time an infant is _____ months of age.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 12

Question 56

The field of _____ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.

A) genetics
B) development psychology
C) biopsychology
D) epigenetics

Question 57

Collectively,an individual's observable characteristics are called his or her:

A) genotype.
B) DNA.
C) phenotype.
D) chromosome.

Question 58

Gavin has brown hair and green eyes.He is outgoing and a risk-taker,and he excels at his job as a financial analyst.All of these observable traits are part of his:

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) dominant gene.
D) epigenetics.

Question 59

Bradley is a newborn; Clea is 3 months old; Darius is 7 months old; and Enid is 15 months old.Which baby is LEAST likely to perform the action with which he or she is paired?

A) Clea rolls over
B) Darius stands alone
C) Enid walks easily
D) Bradley sucks a pacifier

Question 60

Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek.This is the _____ reflex; it helps an infant to _____.

A) rooting; notice danger
B) rooting; obtain food
C) sucking; notice danger
D) sucking; obtain food

Question 61

"All gone milk," says 2-year-old Wesley,placing the empty glass on the table.Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon called:

A) cooing.
B) babbling.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) a holophrase.

Question 62

Which language acquisition stage is matched with its example?

A) babbling - "Goo goo,gaga."
B) cooing - "Kitty sleep."
C) holophrase - "Aaaaah"
D) telegraphic speech - "Cookie!"

Question 63

Piaget used the word _____ to refer to a collection of ideas that functions as a basic unit of understanding.

A) concept
B) construct
C) schema
D) structure

Question 64

The text reports the case of a girl named Genie,who was exposed to virtually no language from the age of 20 months until the age of 13.In what way does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language acquisition?

A) With intensive instruction,Genie acquired a sizeable vocabulary; moreover,she eventually mastered the rules of syntax.
B) Even with intensive instruction,Genie never mastered the complexities of language.
C) Once she was no longer isolated,Genie acquired a sizeable vocabulary and mastered the rules of syntax,even without intensive formal instruction.
D) Genie never learned to speak.

Question 65

Tina is 2 months old,Vincenzo is 5 months old,and Wayne is 20 months old.Which choice pairs each child with the appropriate language acquisition stage?

A) Tina - babbling; Vincenzo - holophrase; Wayne - telegraphic speech
B) Tina - cooing; Vincenzo - babbling; Wayne - telegraphic speech
C) Tina - cooing; Vincenzo - babbling; Wayne - babbling
D) Tina - babbling; Vincenzo - cooing; Wayne - telegraphic speech

Question 66

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar:

A) Piaget.
B) Freud.
C) Vygotsky.
D) Pavlov.

Question 67

Children are considered to be fluent in their native language by the time they are _____ years of age.

A) 2-3
B) 4-5
C) 5-6
D) 7-8

Question 68

Children speak their first words at approximately _____ months of age.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 69

The number of words young children hear at home is _____ correlated with family income.

A) not
B) negatively
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 70

A vocabulary explosion occurs when children are _____ of age.

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 2-3 years
D) 4-5 years

Question 71

How does the language of the average 5-year-old differ from that of the typical adult?

A) The average 5-year-old has yet to acquire the basic rules of language.
B) The average 5-year-old's vocabulary is smaller than that of the average adult.
C) The average 5-year-old has yet to acquire the basic rules of language,and his or her vocabulary is smaller than that of the average adult.
D) The average 5-year-old's language is no different from that of an adult.

Question 72

Samantha is creating a language development timeline for a class presentation.Along the top of a display board,she writes the following ages in sequence: 2 months> 4 months> 12 months> 18 months
How should she label these ages,from youngest to oldest?

A) babbling> first words > telegraphic speech > cooing
B) babbling> cooing > first words > telegraphic speech
C) babbling> first words > cooing > telegraphic speech
D) cooing> babbling > first words > telegraphic speech

Question 73

Which of these psychologists would agree most strongly with the assertion that language is learned through association,reinforcement,and observation?

A) Skinner
B) Chomsky
C) Piaget
D) Kohlberg

Question 74

Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day when she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cupboard.They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all.Darlene's error illustrates Piaget's process of:

A) conservation.
B) accommodation.
C) assimilation.
D) egocentrism.

Question 75

The language acquisition device (LAD)is associated with:

A) Skinner.
B) Piaget.
C) Chomsky.
D) Erikson.

Question 76

In a process called ______,the number of neural connections in a child's brain decreases by _____ before puberty.

A) neurogenesis; 20-30%
B) neurogenesis; 40-50%
C) synaptic pruning; 20-30%
D) synaptic pruning; 40-50%

Question 77

Rosenzweig and his colleagues provided _____ evidence of the influence of the environment on brain development.

A) observational
B) case study
C) correlational
D) experimental

Question 78

Between the ages of 3 and 6 years,the number of neural connections increases most dramatically in the ______ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital

Question 79

As compared with the adult brain,the newborn's brain has _____ neurons.

A) many fewer
B) somewhat fewer
C) about the same number of
D) more

Question 80

In Piaget's theory,the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called _____.The process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information is called _____.

A) accommodation; assimilation
B) assimilation; accommodation
C) assimilation; conservation
D) conservation; accommodation