Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

In the disco era,Donna Summer's working-class heroine "works hard for the money." Most likely,this woman was driven by _____ motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) implicit
C) extrinsic
D) explicit

Answer 1

extrinsic

Question 2

Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake; Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades.Shellie is ____ motivated; Tori is _____ motivated.

A) intrinsically; extrinsically
B) internally; externally
C) extrinsically; intrinsically
D) externally; internally

Answer 2

intrinsically; extrinsically

Question 3

Declan,a PhD candidate,tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation.Declan is investigating the:

A) ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B) way behavior changes as a result of experience.
C) factors that direct behavior,thought,and emotion.
D) processes whereby information is encoded,stored,and retrieved.

Answer 3

factors that direct behavior,thought,and emotion.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Extrinsic motivation is based on incentives from the environment.
B) Extrinsic motivation may enhance intrinsic motivation.
C) Extrinsic motivation may cause people to feel less responsible for their behavior.
D) Extrinsic motivation may lead to resentment and frustration.

Question 5

"Dance like no one's watching.Work like you don't need the money.Love like you've never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr.Elliott's office door.This sign underscores the importance of _____ motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) implicit
C) extrinsic
D) explicit

Question 6

When behavior is motivated by reinforcers in the environment,it is driven by _____ motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) internal
C) external
D) extrinsic

Question 7

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were:

A) the instinct approach,then self-determination theory.
B) self-determination theory,then the drive approach.
C) the drive approach,then the instinct approach.
D) the instinct approach,then the drive approach.

Question 8

_____ theory was the earliest approach to motivation to develop in psychology's history.

A) Arousal
B) Self-determination
C) Drive-reduction
D) Instinct

Question 9

When behavior is motivated by personal satisfaction or interest,it is driven by _____ motivation.

A) internal
B) intrinsic
C) external
D) extrinsic

Question 10

A university professor lets her class know that she will base several test questions on the "special feature" boxes in the textbook.The professor is relying on _____ motivation to encourage her students to read these boxes.

A) intrinsic
B) implicit
C) explicit
D) extrinsic

Question 11

Automatic changes in the body that occur in order to return the body to its normal state reflect:

A) drive-reduction.
B) positive feedback.
C) homeostasis.
D) an instinct.

Question 12

Motivation theorists say that a(n)_____ exists when behavior is directed by an association between that behavior and its consequences.

A) instinct
B) drive
C) reward
D) incentive

Question 13

Which statement BEST expresses the current state of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology.
B) Instinct approaches to motivation are still influential in psychology,but to a diminished extent.
C) Instinct approaches have been largely abandoned and are only of historical interest.
D) Instinct approaches have always been highly influential in psychology.

Question 14

Dr.Schmidt studies the factors that direct human behavior,thought,and emotion.Dr.Schmidt studies:

A) personality.
B) intelligence.
C) cognition.
D) motivation.

Question 15

What is homeostasis?

A) a theory of need reduction
B) a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions
C) the psychological representation of a need
D) a complex behavior that is innate and universal

Question 16

Complex behaviors that are innate,fixed,and universal are called:

A) drives.
B) reflexes.
C) instincts.
D) motives.

Question 17

Most students have encountered a parent or a teacher who touted the value of "learning for its own sake." This expression highlights the importance of _____ motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) internal
C) external
D) extrinsic

Question 18

Some of the general themes of early instinct approaches to motivation are echoed in the _____ approach in contemporary psychology.

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioral

Question 19

Extrinsic motivation _____ intrinsic motivation.

A) has no effect on
B) may undermine
C) somewhat enhances
D) greatly enhances

Question 20

Which early psychologist is MOST strongly associated with instinct theory?

A) William James
B) Abraham Maslow
C) John B.Watson
D) Edward Titchener

Question 21

According to the textbook,Maslow suggested that most people in North America are mainly motivated by _____ needs.

A) self-actualization
B) self-transcendence
C) physiological
D) safety

Question 22

In the 1990s,the U.S.Army used the recruiting slogan,"Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Abraham Maslow's need for:

A) self-determination.
B) self-actualization.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-transcendence.

Question 23

Realizing one's full potential:

A) requires abstinence from food and sexual gratification.
B) requires little work-if it is going to happen,it just does.
C) is near the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
D) is a major tenet of behaviorist theory.

Question 24

Motivational tension that activates behavior to satisfy a goal is termed a(n):

A) drive.
B) need.
C) reflex.
D) instinct.

Question 25

According to Abraham Maslow,a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

A) all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.
B) a major altruistic streak.
C) a very selfless nature.
D) suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.

Question 26

Which individual's behavior may MOST easily be explained by the arousal theory of motivation?

A) Artie,who rode ten different roller coasters in one day
B) Barry,who bought an expensive watch he couldn't resist
C) Callista,who studied for long hours to earn a good grade
D) Dharma,who ate a chocolate bar when she felt weak

Question 27

According to Abraham Maslow,a person's highest need is the need for:

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) weakly

Question 28

The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation was proposed by:

A) William James.
B) Abraham Maslow.
C) Richard Ryan.
D) Paul Ekman.

Question 29

Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation?

A) No.Drive theory fails to account for many motives,including physiological ones.
B) No.Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives but fails to account for psychologically based motives.
C) Yes.Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives,but also psychologically based ones.
D) Yes.Drive theories of physiological motives have been empirically supported.

Question 30

How does the arousal theory of motivation differ from drive-reduction theory?

A) Arousal theory places greater emphasis on physiological needs than does drive theory.
B) Arousal theory emphasizes innate,universal behaviors more than drive theory does.
C) Arousal theory suggests that people are sometimes motivated to decrease rather than increase their level of stimulation.
D) Arousal theory suggests that people are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation.

Question 31

Henry Murray's needs for power and achievement are probably BEST situated at the "_____" level of Maslow's pyramid.

A) love,affection,and belongingness
B) esteem
C) safety
D) transcendence

Question 32

Which sequence BEST expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled,from the first to the last?

A) physiological and safety needs > love and belongingness > esteem > self-actualization and self-transcendence
B) physiological and safety needs > esteem > love and belongingness > self-actualization and self-transcendence
C) physiological and safety needs > self-actualization and self-transcendence > esteem > love and belongingness
D) love and belongingness > self-actualization and self-transcendence > esteem > physiological and safety

Question 33

Abraham Maslow used the term _____ to refer to the need to reach one's fullest potential.

A) self-determination.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-transcendence.

Question 34

The notion that people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities is MOST likely to be proposed by a proponent of the _____ theory of motivation.

A) instinct
B) drive-reduction
C) arousal
D) extrinsic

Question 35

Abraham Maslow's notion of _____ is MOST similar to Richard Ryan and Edward Deci's notion of ______.

A) esteem; competence
B) autonomy; esteem
C) competence; esteem
D) competence; autonomy

Question 36

Behaviors fueled by drives (such as eating)are MOST likely maintained through:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) punishment.

Question 37

The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation stems from the _____ perspective in psychology.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) behavioral

Question 38

In terms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,the drive theory of motivation is MOST focused on the importance of _____ needs.

A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) safety

Question 39

Which statement BEST expresses Maslow's view of the relationship between physiological needs and psychological needs?

A) Psychological needs are more important than physiological ones.
B) Physiological needs are universal,whereas psychological ones are not.
C) Physiological needs take precedence over psychological ones.
D) Physiological and psychological needs must be satisfied simultaneously.

Question 40

Dr.LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation.He argues that drive theory can't explain:

A) bungee jumping.
B) having sex.
C) eating a quick meal.
D) fleeing a stranger carrying a knife.

Question 41

In greatly simplified terms,the _____ may be likened to an "on" switch for eating.

A) lateral hypothalamus
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) pancreas
D) caudate

Question 42

Damage to the ______ hypothalamic nucleus can result in weight gain.

A) anterior
B) dorsomedial
C) ventromedial
D) lateral

Question 43

When Portia sees a motivational poster exhorting,"Be the change you want to see in the world," Portia recalls Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs,especially the need for:

A) self-determination.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-transcendence.

Question 44

A.L.Washburn was the only participant in Walter Cannon and A.L.Washburn's (1912)demonstration of the stomach's role in producing hunger pangs.Cannon and Washburn's study is therefore BEST seen as an example of a(n):

A) survey.
B) naturalistic study.
C) experiment.
D) case study.

Question 45

In Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's (2008)theory,self-determination is the motivation for:

A) realizing one's full potential.
B) extending beyond oneself.
C) growth and optimal functioning.
D) self-respect and feelings of independence.

Question 46

In what way does Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's theory reflect the legacy of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Self-determination theory retains the concept of self-actualization.
B) Self-determination theory suggests that biological needs must be satisfied first.
C) Self-determination theory suggests that biological needs are not important.
D) Self-determination theory suggests that psychological needs are important.

Question 47

Evidence suggests that using social networking sites such as Facebook:

A) reduces social isolation.
B) strengthens existing relationships.
C) not only reduces social isolation,but also strengthens existing relationships.
D) neither reduces social isolation,nor strengthens existing relationships.

Question 48

Glucose levels in the blood are _____ related to feelings of hunger.

A) inversely
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 49

Which brain structure has been implicated in hunger and satiety?

A) the medulla
B) the hypothalamus
C) the amygdala
D) the hippocampus

Question 50

The feeling of hunger is triggered by:

A) leptin
B) orexin
C) ghrelin
D) cholecystokinin

Question 51

According to Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (2008),the core human motivation is _____.

A) self-actualization.
B) self-transcendence.
C) self-determination.
D) self-esteem.

Question 52

According to self-determination theory,which is NOT a fundamental need?

A) competence
B) transcendence
C) autonomy
D) relatedness

Question 53

Which hunger or satiety hormone is matched with its origin?

A) orexin - hypothalamus
B) ghrelin - fat cells
C) leptin - pancreas
D) insulin - stomach

Question 54

Dr.DeRidder lesions,or damages,the ventromedial hypothalamus in one group of rats and the lateral hypothalamus in another group.What effect might he expect on the eating behavior of each group of rats?

A) Both groups should stop eating,and perhaps eventually starve to death.
B) Both groups should begin overeating,and become grossly obese.
C) Rats with ventromedial lesions should stop eating; rats with lateral lesions should begin overeating.
D) Rats with ventromedial lesions should begin overeating; rats with lateral lesions should stop eating.

Question 55

Henry Murray emphasized the importance of the need for:

A) achievement.
B) esteem.
C) competence.
D) relatedness.

Question 56

Which correlation coefficient is a researcher MOST apt to find between scores on a narcissism scale and a person's number of Facebook friends? Assume that high scores on the scale indicate high levels of narcissism.

A) -.32
B) -.89
C) .04
D) .29

Question 57

Walter Cannon and A.L.Washburn (1912)demonstrated the involvement of the _____ in producing feelings of hunger.

A) pancreas
B) hypothalamus
C) stomach
D) liver

Question 58

Which hormone is involved in satiety?

A) orexin
B) ghrelin
C) leptin
D) insulin

Question 59

The stomach is to the pancreas as _____ is to _____.

A) ghrelin; insulin
B) insulin; ghrelin
C) ghrelin; orexin
D) orexin; insulin

Question 60

The lateral hypothalamus is to _____ as the ventromedial hypothalamus is to _____.

A) satiety; hunger
B) orexin; ghrelin
C) hunger; satiety
D) ghrelin; orexin

Question 61

In serious cases of _____,women may experience amenorrhea.

A) binge eating disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) either bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder

Question 62

"Having a BMI of 30 or greater" defines obesity in such a way that it can be precisely measured.Therefore,it is a(n)_____ definition of obesity.

A) correlational
B) theoretical
C) operational
D) experimental

Question 63

Consider the distinction between the set point and the settling point in the text's discussion of hunger,eating,and obesity.Which statement is MOST accurate?

A) The set point is essentially a physiological concept; the idea of the settling point takes the social and cultural environment into account to a greater extent.
B) The settling point is essentially a physiological concept; the idea of the set point takes the social and cultural environment into account to a greater extent.
C) Both the concept of the set point and that of the settling point are essentially physiological concepts.
D) The concept of a set point is less rigid than the concept of a settling point.

Question 64

Gwen eats huge amounts of food in a single sitting,then vomits and uses laxatives to purge the excess food.Gwen appears to suffer from:

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) binge eating disorder.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) either bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder.

Question 65

The heritability of body mass index is about _____%.

A) 45
B) 65
C) 75
D) 85

Question 66

In one study described in the textbook (Geier et al.,2012),college students were given tubes of potato chips to eat while watching a movie.In some tubes,every 7th chip was died red.What was the independent variable in this study,and what did the researchers find?

A) Whether the tubes contained red chips was the independent variable.Participants given tubes with red chips ate 10% less than did the other participants.
B) Whether the tubes contained red chips was the independent variable.Participants given tubes with red chips ate 50% less than did the other participants.
C) How many chips participants ate was the independent variable.Participants given tubes with red chips ate 10% less than did the other participants.
D) How many chips participants ate was the independent variable.Participants given tubes with red chips ate 50% less than did the other participants.

Question 67

_____ is an eating disorder defined by self-imposed restrictions on calorie intake.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Amenorrhea
C) Bulimia nervosa
D) Binge eating disorder

Question 68

In one study described in the textbook (Wansink & Kim,2005),moviegoers were given either medium or large buckets of popcorn.The buckets were filled with either fresh or stale popcorn.Which statement is true?

A) The size of the bucket was an independent variable.The popcorn's freshness was a dependent variable.
B) The size of the bucket was a dependent variable.The popcorn's freshness was an independent variable.
C) The size of the bucket and the popcorn's freshness were both independent variables.
D) The size of the bucket and the popcorn's freshness were both dependent variables.

Question 69

How do bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder differ?

A) Bulimia nervosa is associated with the restriction of calorie intake,whereas binge eating disorder is not.
B) Binge eating disorder is associated with purging,whereas bulimia nervosa is not.
C) Binge eating disorder is associated with the restriction of calorie intake,whereas bulimia nervosa is not.
D) Bulimia nervosa is associated with purging,whereas binge eating disorder is not.

Question 70

How often should one exercise to lose weight?

A) at least 30 consecutive minutes,5 times each week
B) at least 60 consecutive minutes,3 times each week
C) at least 20 consecutive minutes,7 times each week
D) at least 60 consecutive minutes,7 times each week

Question 71

Which hormone signals hunger?

A) leptin
B) cholecystokinin
C) insulin
D) Both leptin and cholecystokinin are involved in signaling hunger.

Question 72

Aretha's BMI is 28.Jolene's is 32.Which statement is true?

A) Aretha and Jolene are both overweight,but neither is obese.
B) Aretha is overweight,and Jolene is obese.
C) Both Aretha and Jolene are obese.
D) Aretha is normal weight and Jolene is overweight.

Question 73

In one study described in the textbook (Wansink & Kim,2005),moviegoers were given either medium or large buckets of popcorn.The buckets were filled with either fresh or stale popcorn.What was the dependent variable in this study,and what did the researchers find?

A) The size of the bucket was the dependent variable.Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn,but only when the popcorn was fresh.
B) The size of the bucket was the dependent variable.Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn,regardless of whether it was fresh.
C) How much popcorn participants ate was the dependent variable.Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn,regardless of whether it was fresh.
D) How much popcorn participants ate was the dependent variable.Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn,but only when it was fresh.

Question 74

Weight gain is _____ correlated with hours of sleep each night,and _____ correlated with hours of "screen time" each day.

A) negatively; negatively
B) negatively; positively
C) positively; negatively
D) positively; positively

Question 75

Obesity is defined as having a BMI of _____ or greater.

A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35

Question 76

Suicide is responsible for approximately _____% of the deaths associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 35
D) 55

Question 77

The textbook notes that,"using naturalistic observation,researchers found that women choose lower-calorie meals when eating with men than when eating with other women." The fact that the researchers used naturalistic observation means that:

A) they used random assignment and manipulated variables,such as whether women ate with men or with other women.
B) women were studied in everyday environments,such as cafés.
C) they gathered data mainly through questionnaires.
D) very few participants were studied.

Question 78

Anorexia nervosa is found in _____ cultures.

A) few
B) many
C) most
D) all

Question 79

According to one recent study,nearly _____% of Americans are overweight,and _____% of Americans are obese.

A) 50; 20
B) 50; 35
C) 70; 35
D) 70; 50

Question 80

One in _____ children ages 5 to 13 with an eating disorder is male.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10