Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Automatic processing:

A) interferes with conscious information processing.
B) is a product of conscious information processing.
C) is the same as conscious information processing.
D) allows information to be sorted without conscious effort.

Answer 1

allows information to be sorted without conscious effort.

Question 2

Psychologists refer to one's awareness of oneself,one's thoughts,and the environment as:

A) perception.
B) intelligence.
C) cognition.
D) consciousness.

Answer 2

consciousness.

Question 3

Imagine that William James and John B.Watson travelled forward in time from 1908 to this year's American Psychological Association conference.How would the two psychologists likely react to the current study of consciousness in psychology?

A) Only William James would approve of it.
B) Only John B.Watson would approve it.
C) Both William James and John B.Watson will be quite unhappy with it.
D) Both William James and John B.Watson would be comfortable with it.

Answer 3

Only William James would approve of it.

Question 4

Think back through psychology's history.Which statement is TRUE?

A) Consciousness is currently an important focus in psychology,but that has not always been the case.
B) Consciousness has always been a key focus of study in psychology.
C) Consciousness has become an important topic in psychology only very recently.
D) Consciousness was a central focus in the field only very early on in psychology's history.

Question 5

Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to the current study of consciousness in psychology?

A) Psychologists do not believe it is possible to study consciousness objectively.
B) Understanding conscious experience is now an important goal in psychology.
C) Psychologists have revived and refined introspection as a way to study consciousness.
D) Recent technological advances have failed to offer much insight into consciousness.

Question 6

One's ability to read,understand,and-ideally-remember a textbook paragraph would be MOST interesting to a(n)_____ psychologist.

A) developmental
B) cognitive
C) social
D) clinical

Question 7

Dr.Warner describes her research interest as "the conscious processes underlying decision-making and problem solving." Dr.Warner is MOST likely a(n)_____ psychologist.

A) clinical
B) developmental
C) industrial/organizational
D) cognitive

Question 8

Which of these pioneering psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?

A) B.F.Skinner
B) William James
C) John B.Watson
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Which situation BEST illustrates automatic processing?

A) Gerri drives into a pole that seems to have appeared from nowhere.
B) Francisco ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation.
C) Devin pours water into the coffee maker,forgetting that he added water just a second ago.
D) Ellie no longer smells the cat's litter box in her own apartment.

Question 10

Which researcher is MOST closely associated with the term "stream of consciousness"?

A) John B.Watson
B) Edward Titchener
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) William James

Question 11

The contemporary field of _____ is devoted to the scientific study of conscious experience.

A) clinical psychology
B) developmental psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) structuralism

Question 12

Summer locked her door when she left home this morning,but she can't actually remember doing it.This is because,for Summer,locking the door involved:

A) automatic processing.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) selective attention.
D) sensory adaptation.

Question 13

Awareness of sensations in the environment and in one's self is another word for:

A) consciousness.
B) cognition.
C) motivation.
D) emotion.

Question 14

Automatic processing is defined as the:

A) tendency to become less aware over time of unchanging stimuli.
B) processing of information with little or no conscious effort.
C) ability to focus attention on a small segment of information.
D) failure to process objects one can clearly sense.

Question 15

Which of these early psychologists believed that psychology should study observable behavior,not consciousness?

A) William James
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) John B.Watson
D) Edward Titchener

Question 16

The term "consciousness" refers to:

A) the state of being awake.
B) one's awareness of oneself and the environment.
C) higher-level reasoning and problem solving.
D) the ability to respond to the environment.

Question 17

Which is NOT a barrier to the scientific study of consciousness?

A) Consciousness is inherently subjective.
B) Most psychologists no longer believe consciousness is a suitable subject of study.
C) Consciousness is always changing.
D) Sophisticated technology is needed to penetrate the brain basis of consciousness.

Question 18

Chemically,medicines such as morphine and codeine are related to:

A) cocaine.
B) amphetamine.
C) opium.
D) caffeine.

Question 19

The _____ perspective in psychology is probably the LEAST sympathetic to the study of consciousness.

A) humanistic
B) evolutionary
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 20

_____ refers to information processing with little or no conscious effort.

A) Inattentional blindness
B) Selective attention
C) Automatic processing
D) Sensory adaptation

Question 21

Which of these physiological cycles exemplifies a circadian rhythm?

A) body temperature variations
B) the sleep-wake cycle
C) Both of these are circadian rhythms.
D) Neither of these is a circadian rhythm.

Question 22

Which process exemplifies a circadian rhythm?

A) the sleep-wake cycle
B) seasonal bird migration
C) the menstrual cycle
D) All of these are circadian rhythms.

Question 23

Selective attention:

A) prevents unselected information from being processed.
B) is better among older than among younger adults.
C) favors unusual stimuli over familiar ones.
D) benefits from positive emotions more than negative emotions.

Question 24

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are called:

A) biorhythms.
B) diurnal rhythms.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) cyclic rhythms.

Question 25

In a classic demonstration of inattentional blindness,Ulric Neisser's participants counted passes while watching a basketball game video (Neisser,1979).The researchers recorded whether participants noticed a woman's image superimposed on the video.In this study,the _____ variable is _____.

A) dependent; whether participants noticed the woman
B) control; whether participants noticed the woman
C) dependent; the number of passes counted
D) control; the number of passes counted

Question 26

Circadian rhythms are regulated by:

A) the suprachiasmatic nucleus only.
B) patterns of light and dark only.
C) both the suprachiasmatic nucleus and patterns of light and dark.
D) neither the suprachiasmatic nucleus nor patterns of light and dark.

Question 27

While reading a friend's status update on a social networking site,Cory ignores the scrolling newsfeed and the changing advertisements on the right-hand side of the screen.Cory is demonstrating:

A) the cocktail party effect.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) selective attention.
D) inattentional blindness.

Question 28

Concerning biological rhythms,which statement is true?

A) Biological rhythms are different and distinct from circadian rhythms.
B) A number of biological rhythms are also circadian rhythms.
C) Most biological rhythms are circadian rhythms.
D) All biological rhythms are circadian rhythms.

Question 29

The failure to become aware of stimuli that one is physically capable of sensing is called:

A) selective attention.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) inattentional blindness.
D) automatic processing.

Question 30

Every 28 or 29 days,Danielle menstruates.Danielle's cycle exemplifies:

A) a biological rhythm.
B) a circadian rhythm.
C) both a circadian rhythm and a biological rhythm.
D) neither a circadian rhythm nor a biological rhythm.

Question 31

All else being equal,which individual is MOST likely to show enhanced selective attention?

A) Elsie,an older adult
B) Jerry,a young child
C) Alison,a teenager
D) Rhiannon,a young woman

Question 32

A narrow focus on specific stimuli is called:

A) sensory adaptation.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) automatic processing.
D) selective attention.

Question 33

The ________ in the hypothalamus regulates the body's circadian rhythms.

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) retinal ganglion
C) ventromedial area
D) lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 34

Lance is engrossed in an intense conversation at a crowded art gallery opening.Suddenly,his attention becomes riveted by the mention of his name in a far corner of the room.Lance's experience demonstrates:

A) inattentional blindness.
B) the cocktail party effect.
C) sensory adaptation.
D) hypnagogic processing.

Question 35

In Ulric Neisser's classic demonstration of inattentional blindness,just over _____% of participants failed to notice the image of a woman superimposed on a video of a basketball game.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 36

The cocktail party effect is a phenomenon of:

A) memory.
B) sensation.
C) social networking.
D) attention.

Question 37

A person who has more energy in the evening is known as a(n)_____ while a person with more energy in the morning is known as a(n)_____.

A) lark; lark
B) lark; owl
C) owl; lark
D) owl; owl

Question 38

The cocktail party effect BEST illustrates:

A) a hypnagogic hallucination.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) selective attention.
D) inattentional blindness.

Question 39

Which brain or body structure is correctly matched with its function?

A) pineal gland - secretes melatonin
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus - regulates alertness
C) retinal ganglion cells - regulate pineal gland
D) reticular formation - senses light

Question 40

Inattentional blindness demonstrates that:

A) one is not always aware of the stimuli one processes.
B) stimuli that are sensed are not necessarily attended to.
C) certain stimuli are almost always processed automatically.
D) awareness decreases when stimuli do not change.

Question 41

Warren's eyes are moving rapidly behind their lids.His legs and arms are paralyzed.Warren is showing signs of:

A) sleep terrors.
B) sleep spindles.
C) REM sleep.
D) cataplexy.

Question 42

In general terms,how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from Stage 1 sleep to Stage 4 sleep?

A) Their frequency decreases and their amplitude increases.
B) Their frequency increases and their amplitude decreases.
C) Both their frequency and their amplitude decrease.
D) Both their frequency and their amplitude increase.

Question 43

Which stage of consciousness is correctly paired with its corresponding brain waves?

A) waking consciousness - theta waves
B) Stage 1 sleep - alpha waves
C) Stage 3 sleep - delta waves
D) Stage 4 sleep - beta waves

Question 44

Bronwyn is a night auditor in a hotel.Most nights,she works from 11 P.M.to 7 A.M.She is not alone: shift workers make up _____% of the American workforce.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 45

How long is a typical sleep cycle,in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

A) 1 hour
B) 90 minutes
C) 2 hours
D) several hours

Question 46

The greatest secretion of growth hormone occurs during _____ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Question 47

Dreams are most often reported when sleepers wake from _____ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) REM
C) slow-wave
D) non-REM

Question 48

José has trouble falling sleep.Even though he goes to bed at 11 each night,he's often still awake at 2 or 2:30 in the morning.José suffers from:

A) sleep apnea.
B) insomnia.
C) cataplexy.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 49

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

A) the brain is active,but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.
B) the skeletal muscles remain active,but the brain is inactive.
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D) both the brain and the body are inactive.

Question 50

EEGs show that _____ waves occur during the first stage of sleep.

A) alpha
B) delta
C) sigma
D) theta

Question 51

According to the text,about 1 in _____ people are true "morning people." Another 1 in _____ people are true "night people."

A) 5; 5
B) 5; 4
C) 4; 5
D) 4; 4

Question 52

When the brain is alert and awake and an EEG shows _____ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) delta
D) theta

Question 53

Which choice correctly orders the different brain waves that sleepers display as they pass from waking consciousness to Stage 1 sleep,and finally to Stage 3 sleep?

A) alpha,theta,beta,delta
B) alpha,beta,delta,theta
C) beta,theta,alpha,delta
D) beta,alpha,theta,delta

Question 54

The brain waves during REM sleep MOST closely resemble those seen during:

A) waking consciousness.
B) Stage 2 sleep.
C) Stage 3 sleep.
D) Stage 4 sleep.

Question 55

A researcher finds that scores on a measure of insomnia are moderately associated with scores on a measure of depressive symptoms.Which of the following correlation coefficients is the researcher MOST likely to report?

A) -.35
B) .05
C) .30
D) .90

Question 56

Together,Stage 3 sleep and Stage 4 sleep are called _____ sleep.

A) light
B) hypnagogic
C) slow-wave
D) REM

Question 57

As an individual passes from an awake,alert state to a relaxed,drowsy state,his or her brain waves change from _____ waves to _____ waves.

A) alpha; beta
B) alpha; theta
C) beta; alpha
D) beta; theta

Question 58

Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of ____ sleep.

A) REM
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) slow-wave

Question 59

Difficulty falling or staying asleep is referred to as:

A) cataplexy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 60

A manufacturing company installs bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M.-7 A.M.shift.The lights simulate morning sun,helping the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the pineal gland's production of the sleep-inducing hormone called:

A) leptin.
B) melatonin.
C) estrogen.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 61

Adults spend about ______% of their sleep in Stage 2.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 62

What do narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder have in common?

A) They both reflect the disordered regulation of REM sleep.
B) They both entail disrupted breathing during sleep.
C) They both involve difficulties in staying asleep.
D) They have nothing in common other than the fact that they are sleep disturbances.

Question 63

Cataplexy,sleep paralysis,and hypnagogic hallucinations are all common symptoms of a sleep disorder called:

A) sleep terrors.
B) insomnia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 64

Most sleep paralysis episodes last:

A) a few seconds.
B) several minutes.
C) 10 to 15 minutes.
D) 20 to 30 minutes.

Question 65

"An individual who averages less than 6 hours of sleep per night" is a(n)______ definition of a short sleeper.

A) operational
B) procedural
C) experimental
D) empirical

Question 66

Sudden "sleep attacks" are characteristic of a sleep disorder called:

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep terrors.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 67

Most often,narcoleptic attacks last:

A) 1 or 2 seconds.
B) seconds or minutes.
C) about an hour.
D) an hour or two.

Question 68

Impaired REM regulation contributes to:

A) narcolepsy.
B) REM sleep behavior disorder.
C) both narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder.
D) neither narcolepsy nor REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 69

According to the text,which sleep disorders are more common among men than among women?

A) narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder
B) REM sleep behavior disorder and insomnia
C) narcolepsy and sleep apnea
D) REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep apnea

Question 70

Research has found an association between REM sleep behavior disorder and subsequent Parkinson's disease.This research is directed toward psychology's goal of:

A) description.
B) prediction.
C) explanation.
D) control.

Question 71

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between narcolepsy and cataplexy?

A) Cataplexy and narcolepsy are similar disorders.
B) Cataplexy is a symptom of narcolepsy.
C) Narcolepsy is a form of cataplexy.
D) Narcolepsy and cataplexy are both sleep disturbances.

Question 72

Which figure BEST approximates the proportion of people experiencing at least some symptoms of insomnia?

A) one-fifth
B) one-quarter
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 73

Ron experiences overwhelming sleep attacks.These attacks can happen anytime,anywhere-during meetings at work,at family events,on commuter trains,and during church services.Sometimes,Ron has nearly a dozen such attacks in a single day.Ron suffers from a sleep disturbance called:

A) cataplexy.
B) REM behavior disorder.
C) narcolepsy.
D) insomnia.

Question 74

_____ entails sudden episodes involving a loss of muscle tone.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Somnambulism
C) Sleep paralysis
D) Cataplexy

Question 75

A person whose airway closes during sleep,causing them to awake gasping for air,is likely suffering from:

A) sleep spindles.
B) somnambulism.
C) narcolepsy.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 76

On a typical weeknight,the average American sleeps:

A) fewer than 6 hours.
B) 6-7 hours.
C) 7-8 hours.
D) more than 8 hours.

Question 77

Which sleep disturbance is NOT correctly matched with a description?

A) sleep apnea - difficulty breathing during sleep
B) narcolepsy - sudden sleep during waking consciousness
C) insomnia - difficulty sleeping
D) REM sleep behavior disorder - sleepwalking

Question 78

About 1 in _____ Americans gets fewer than 6 hours of sleep on a typical weeknight.

A) 8
B) 6
C) 5
D) 4

Question 79

The frequency of insomnia is _____ correlated with the frequency of vivid hypnagogic hallucinations.

A) negatively
B) not
C) weakly
D) positively

Question 80

Following a sudden loss of muscle tone,Ward falls to the floor,as limp as cooked spaghetti.Ward is experiencing _____,a symptom of _____.

A) cataplexy; narcolepsy
B) narcolepsy; cataplexy
C) sleep paralysis; narcolepsy
D) cataplexy; sleep paralysis