Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

In the final phase of the classical conditioning process:

A) an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response.
B) a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
C) a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.
D) a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 1

a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.

Question 2

To which process in perception is the concept of habituation in learning MOST similar?

A) sensation
B) accommodation
C) constancy
D) adaptation

Answer 2

adaptation

Question 3

Pavlov conducted:

A) correlational studies.
B) case studies.
C) observational research.
D) experimental research.

Answer 3

experimental research.

Question 4

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog.The description of one course reads in part,"A survey of the methods by which organisms' behavior changes as a result of experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

A) The Psychology of Learning.
B) Sensation and Perception.
C) Cognition.
D) Intelligence: Theory and Research.

Question 5

Imitation is associated with _____ while consequences are associated with _____.

A) operant conditioning; observational learning
B) observational learning; classical conditioning
C) observational learning; operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 6

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell.During conditioning,the assistant deliberately manipulates the interval between the sound of the bell and the presentation of food.After conditioning,he measures how much the dog salivates when the bell is presented alone.The interval is the _____ variable.The amount of salivation is the _____ variable.

A) dependent; experimental
B) dependent; independent
C) independent; control
D) independent; dependent

Question 7

Learning refers to:

A) an organism's decline in response following repeated stimulation.
B) an organism's response to an event or occurrence.
C) a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience.
D) an organism's ability to associate a behavior with its consequences.

Question 8

When a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally then ____ has occurred.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) observational learning
D) shaping

Question 9

Psychologists define _____ as a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.

A) adaptation
B) habituation
C) cognition
D) learning

Question 10

Candice tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; her cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in its paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,her cat yawns pointedly and settles itself for a nap.The change in Candice's cat's behavior illustrates:

A) adaptation.
B) habituation.
C) extinction.
D) maturation.

Question 11

_____ is credited for laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Edward Thorndike
C) B.F.Skinner
D) John B.Watson

Question 12

_____ is a form of learning in which an organism responds less strongly to an event following repeated exposures to it.

A) Habituation
B) Adaptation
C) Extinction
D) Discrimination

Question 13

A relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience is called:

A) development.
B) learning.
C) cognition.
D) perception.

Question 14

Although I won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for my research in physiology,I am BEST known for my pioneering work in the psychology of learning.I am:

A) William James.
B) B.F.Skinner.
C) Ivan Pavlov.
D) Edward Thorndike.

Question 15

Event is to behavior as _____ is to _____.

A) nature; nurture
B) nurture; nature
C) stimulus; response
D) response; stimulus

Question 16

In the first phase of the classical conditioning process:

A) an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response.
B) a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
C) a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.
D) a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov is associated with the study of classical conditioning.This means that he studied how:

A) people learn by imitating others.
B) organisms associate two different stimuli.
C) people associate their behaviors with their consequences.
D) organisms respond to repeated stimuli.

Question 18

Social learning is a synonym for:

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) adaptation.

Question 19

Broadly speaking,nature is to nurture as the _____ is to the _____.

A) CS; US
B) NS; US
C) US; CS
D) CR; UR

Question 20

Learning involves:

A) neurogenesis but not neuroplasticity.
B) neuroplasticity but not neurogenesis.
C) both neurogenesis and neuroplasticity.
D) neither neurogenesis nor neuroplasticity.

Question 21

Adam was stung by a bee.Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects.This example illustrates:

A) stimulus generalization.
B) adaptation.
C) shaping.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 22

Tim loves dill pickles,and the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n):

A) CS.
B) US.
C) NS.
D) CR.

Question 23

In classical conditioning,the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during the _____ phase.

A) recovery
B) acquisition
C) generalization
D) extinction

Question 24

After a researcher conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a tone,she continues to present the tone but does not give the dog any food.Eventually,the dog stops salivating to the tone.The dog is demonstrating:

A) habituation.
B) adaptation.
C) discrimination.
D) extinction.

Question 25

Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood test.She also squirms when she views injections on television.This paragraph illustrates:

A) classical conditioning and spontaneous recovery.
B) classical conditioning and stimulus generalization.
C) operant conditioning and shaping.
D) operant conditioning and negative reinforcement.

Question 26

Often,a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS,but by a similar one as well.This is known as stimulus:

A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) discrimination.
D) habituation.

Question 27

A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a high-pitched tone.The researcher then presents a low-pitched tone.The dog fails to salivate.The dog is demonstrating:

A) habituation.
B) adaptation.
C) discrimination.
D) extinction.

Question 28

Janine,who completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan,suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects stimulus:

A) extinction.
B) discrimination.
C) generalization.
D) association.

Question 29

Andrea has a needle phobia.Which pair correctly identifies the stimulus or response in the conditioning of her phobia?

A) conditioned stimulus - pain
B) conditioned response - pain
C) neutral stimulus - the needle itself
D) unconditioned response - fear triggered by the needle

Question 30

Alexis,who gets nervous when she writes exams,has written several exams at the gym this term.She notices that her heart pounds and her hands sweat when she passes by the gym on the way to class.In this example the gym has become a(n):

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 31

Classical conditioning is the same thing as _____ conditioning.

A) higher order
B) instrumental
C) operant
D) Pavlovian

Question 32

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

A) Extinction; habituation
B) Habituation; extinction
C) Habituation; adaptation
D) Adaptation; habituation

Question 33

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

A) They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
B) The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.
C) They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
D) The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.

Question 34

In Ivan Pavlov's study,the US was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and,finally,the CS was ____.

A) meat; the bell; meat
B) meat; the bell; the bell
C) the bell; meat; meat
D) meat; meat; the bell

Question 35

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

A) Extinction
B) Habituation
C) Adaptation
D) Deconditioning

Question 36

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,but does not at the sound of a blender.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

A) discrimination.
B) shaping.
C) recovery.
D) generalization.

Question 37

Jonas,a veteran of the war in Iraq,suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are BEST thought of as _____ stimuli.

A) neutral
B) unconditioned
C) conditioned
D) associated

Question 38

Which scenario describes extinction?

A) Now that Alexis,a former cocaine user,no longer uses,her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway,like her dealer used to do in his car.
B) Alexis uses cocaine,but she no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C) Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse,though,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway,like her dealer used to do in his car.
D) Alexis uses cocaine.When her dealer pulls into her driveway,her hands shake and her heart pounds,even though she has not yet consumed the drug.

Question 39

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

A) They are unrelated.
B) They are opposites.
C) They are the same thing.
D) Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

Question 40

Which term BEST describes the correlation a researcher is likely to find between the extent to which stimulus generalization is observed and the similarity between the original CS and the new one?

A) zero
B) negative
C) positive
D) variable

Question 41

Recall the research methods described in an earlier chapter of the textbook.Which of the techniques does John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner's work with Little AlbertBEST exemplify?

A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) correlational method
D) experimental method

Question 42

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1925)found that Little Albert's conditioned fear was elicited not only by a rat but also by a number of similar objects.Little Albert's behavior illustrates stimulus:

A) generalization.
B) discrimination.
C) adaptation.
D) extinction.

Question 43

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner are known for their study of:

A) cats in puzzle boxes.
B) Little Albert and conditioned fear.
C) children playing with a Bobo doll.
D) rats in Skinner boxes.

Question 44

After Carlotta consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day she became violently ill.Now she can't stand the sight of sushi.She has developed a:

A) phobia.
B) conditioned taste aversion.
C) conditioned taste sensitization.
D) conditioned taste association.

Question 45

Effie no longer eats egg salad sandwiches.Some time ago,she began vomiting after consuming a sandwich in which bacteria was growing in the mayonnaise.Which alternative below correctly identifies the stimulus in this situation?

A) US - bacteria
B) CS - nausea
C) US - food
D) CS - bacteria

Question 46

In an effort to help save an endangered Australian marsupial called the northern quoll,researchers paired a nausea-inducing drug along with parts of the toxic toads that the quolls often eat.In this application of a phenomenon called _____,the toxic toads are a(n)_____.

A) conditioned taste aversion; CS
B) conditioned taste aversion; US
C) instinctive drift; CS
D) instinctive drift; US

Question 47

Which pair below incorrectly identifies a stimulus or response in John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

A) neutral stimulus - rat
B) CS - noise
C) US - rat
D) All of these are incorrect.

Question 48

The mere sight of a needle is enough to make Aimee wince,as if in pain.Even being in a hospital or clinic is enough to make her squirm,probably because these settings are associated with needles.This example BEST illustrates:

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) higher order conditioning.

Question 49

How is conditioned taste aversion an exception to the general principles of classical conditioning?

A) Conditioned taste aversions require a longer interval between the CS and the response than do most CRs.
B) Conditioned taste aversions require more trials to acquire than do most CRs.
C) Conditioned taste aversions require a shorter interval between the CS and the response than do most CRs.
D) Conditioned taste aversions often require only a single CS-US pairing for their acquisition.

Question 50

Higher order conditioning involves an association between:

A) a CS and a US.
B) a CS and a new neutral stimulus.
C) two similar USs.
D) a neutral stimulus and a US.

Question 51

A popular athlete has endorsed an athletic shoe in a series of glossy magazine ads.In the application of conditioning to advertising,which statement is correct?

A) The athlete is a US; the shoe is a CS.
B) The athlete is a CS; readers' liking for the athlete is a CR.
C) The shoe is a US; the athlete is a CS
D) The shoe is a US; readers' positive response to the shoe is a UR.

Question 52

_____ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

A) Stimulus generalization
B) Stimulus discrimination
C) Successive approximation
D) Spontaneous recovery

Question 53

Conditioning principles have been applied successfully in advertising; for example,in an effective advertisement,the product or service being promoted is usually a(n):

A) negative reinforcer.
B) positive reinforcer.
C) CS.
D) US.

Question 54

Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrant scent is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little.The perfume's fragrance is a(n):

A) CR.
B) CS.
C) US.
D) UR.

Question 55

According to the textbook,sexual fetishes may be explained through classical conditioning.The object of the fetish-a certain type of clothing,for example-acts as a:

A) CS.
B) CR.
C) US.
D) UR.

Question 56

Higher order conditioning occurs when:

A) stimuli similar to the CS elicit the same conditioned response.
B) a second neutral stimulus becomes a new CS after repeated pairings with the original CS.
C) an extinguished conditioned response reappears after a period of rest.
D) complex emotional responses are learned through classical conditioning.

Question 57

Advertisers use enjoyable music,cute babies,attractive models,and funny spokespeople to create positive advertisements.The music,babies,and so on are BEST thought of as:

A) CSs.
B) neutral stimuli.
C) positive reinforcers.
D) USs.

Question 58

After Garrett was stung by a bee,he is frightened not only of bees but also of wasps and hornets.However,he is not afraid of flies and mosquitos.This example illustrates:

A) stimulus generalization.
B) adaptation.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Question 59

An actor has been hired to appear in a series of commercials promoting a new laptop computer.The actor's last two movies,however,have failed at the box office,which means that the actor may NOT serve as the optimal _____ in the commercials.

A) negative reinforcer
B) positive reinforcer
C) CS
D) US

Question 60

Conditioned taste aversion reflects the contribution of the _____ perspective in psychology to learning theory.

A) sociocultural
B) evolutionary
C) psychoanalytic
D) humanistic

Question 61

Perhaps the MOST influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by:

A) B.F.Skinner.
B) John B.Watson.
C) Ivan Pavlov.
D) Albert Bandura.

Question 62

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her new boss a compliment before asking for a day off,because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses.This example most clearly illustrates:

A) instinctive drift.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) shaping.
D) stimulus discrimination.

Question 63

B.F.Skinner's work reflected the psychological school of:

A) humanism.
B) behaviorism.
C) structuralism.
D) functionalism.

Question 64

Edward Thorndike's notion that successful responses are stamped in by experience may be seen as an early statement of B.F.Skinner's concept of:

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) successive approximation.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 65

Mrs.Martin,a third-grade teacher,is teaching cursive writing.At first,she reinforces with an encouraging word even crude attempts to reproduce letters; as time goes on,though,she reinforces only well-formed letters.By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters,Mrs.Martin is using:

A) shaping.
B) classical conditioning.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) modeling.

Question 66

The psychologist _____ taught pigeons to bowl through _____.

A) Albert Bandura; modeling
B) Albert Bandura; shaping
C) B.F.Skinner; modeling
D) B.F.Skinner; shaping

Question 67

What occurs with successive approximations?

A) habituation
B) maturation
C) extinction
D) shaping

Question 68

Based on the textbook's discussion,B.F.Skinner is known for the study of:

A) operant conditioning and shaping.
B) operant conditioning and modeling.
C) classical conditioning and fear.
D) classical conditioning and taste aversion.

Question 69

Engineering the consequences of her daughter's behavior is a key element in Laura's parenting strategy.As an example,her daughter is allowed to select the evening movie if she completes her homework before dinner.Laura's parenting is based on _____'s theory of _____ conditioning.

A) Ivan Pavlov; classical
B) Ivan Pavlov; operant
C) B.F.Skinner; classical
D) B.F.Skinner; operant

Question 70

Using reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that get progressively closer to a target behavior is called:

A) shaping.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) successive approximations.

Question 71

In Edward Thorndike's puzzle box,the amount of time it took the cats to break free of the cage was a(n)_____ definition of learning.

A) experimental
B) operational
C) empirical
D) conceptual

Question 72

Dr.Ruiz asserts that the only truly scientific psychology is a psychology based on concrete,observable behavior.Dr.Ruiz's view resembles that of the influential psychologist:

A) Abraham Maslow.
B) William James.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B.F.Skinner.

Question 73

_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which organisms associate actions with consequences.

A) Secondary
B) Operant
C) Social
D) Classical

Question 74

Operant conditioning is associated with _____ and _____.

A) Ivan Pavlov; B.F.Skinner
B) Ivan Pavlov; John B.Watson
C) Edward Thorndike; B.F.Skinner
D) Edward Thorndike; John B.Watson

Question 75

The roots of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

A) Edward Thorndike
B) John Watson
C) B.F.Skinner
D) IvanPavlov

Question 76

A Skinner box provides a highly controlled environment allowing researchers to study how animal behavior varies with alterations in the environment.In this situation,animal behavior is a(n)_____ variable.An alteration in the environment is a(n)_____ variable.

A) dependent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) independent; dependent
D) independent; independent

Question 77

"Responses that lead to pleasurable consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

A) consequences.
B) reward.
C) effect.
D) effort.

Question 78

Gerald Gorn (1982)showed research participants pictures of different-colored pens.Some pen colors were shown paired with pleasant music; others were shown paired with unpleasant music.When offered a choice of pens as a free gift,participants were more likely to choose the pen colors associated with the pleasant music than the pen colors associated with the unpleasant music.In this study,liking pens of a specific color was the:

A) CR
B) CS
C) US
D) UR

Question 79

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated is called:

A) reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) conditioning.
D) association.

Question 80

The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:

A) shaping.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) instinctive drift.
D) modeling.