Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

The rouge test was discussed as an example of which method of measuring consciousness?

A)self-report measure
B)physiological measure
C)behavioural measure
D)hypnotic measure

Answer 1

behavioural measure

Question 2

The most common way of measuring states of consciousness is with the use of:

A)standardized tests.
B)self-report measures.
C)physical measures.
D)hypnosis.

Answer 2

self-report measures.

Question 3

A researcher who assumes that unconscious processes are not adversarial to the conscious mind but instead serve to support and supplement our normal conscious awareness,would mostly likely identify with the ___________ perspective of the unconscious.

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive
C)hypnotic
D)Freudian

Answer 3

cognitive

Question 4

While watching a basketball game on TV,something that happens during the game reminds Dante of a high school game that he played in almost 20 years ago.Since the memory was not in Dante's current awareness,yet he was easily able to remember it when the memory was triggered,Freud would have considered this as memory in the ___________ mind .

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)unconscious
D)subconscious

Question 5

Hannah was concentrating on studying for her psychology midterm exam.Sometimes during the evening she found herself feeling so anxious and troubled that her studying was interrupted,but she could not figure out what had happened to upset her so much.According to Freud,what was upsetting Hannah was in her _______________.

A)conscious
B)unconscious
C)preconscious
D)subconscious

Question 6

Barbara is very upset when she sees Peter but at first,doesn't know why.Later,when Peter is telling a joke at lunch,Barbara remembers how much he embarrassed her telling crude jokes to her parents at an elegant restaurant.According to Freud's model of levels of consciousness,the reason Barbara was upset with Peter had been in her _____________ until it moved to her ______________.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)conscious; preconscious
C)preconscious; conscious
D)unconscious; preconscious

Question 7

Psychologists define the moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environments:

A)controlled processing
B)automatic processing
C)consciousness
D)dissociation

Question 8

Which of the following lists Freud's three levels of consciousness?

A)ego,id,superego
B)automatic,controlled,compensatory
C)conscious,preconscious,unconscious
D)preconscious,unconscious,nonconscious

Question 9

Psychologists who view the conscious and unconscious aspects of consciousness as being complementary forms of information processing are called __________ psychologists.

A)Cognitive
B)Psychodynamic
C)Freudian
D)Behavioural

Question 10

Cognitive psychologists view conscious and unconscious mental life as:

A)two levels in Freud's three-level model of consciousness.
B)complementary forms of information processing.
C)the sources of controlled and automatic processing.
D)analogous to selective versus divided attention.

Question 11

The fact that we drift in and out of various states each day is most relevant to which of the following characteristics of consciousness?

A)Consciousness is subjective.
B)Consciousness is private.
C)Consciousness is dynamic.
D)Consciousness is self-reflective.

Question 12

Masahiro carries on detailed and quite fluent conversations with himself in the middle of the night.His wife suspects he is not really asleep and insists he be tested at the university sleep lab one night.The EEG revealed he was truly asleep while conversing with himself.The brain activity helped researchers establish ______________________.

A)the correspondence between his mental state and the deep stages of sleep
B)that his conversations were delusional and corresponded to his fatigue levels
C)that when he awoke he could remember what he had said
D)the correspondence between stressful events in his life and his sleep stages

Question 13

Kim is skeptical of all psychotherapy because no matter how hard she tries,no one can experience the reality she feels.Kim knows her conscious self is _________________.

A)static
B)objective
C)private
D)stable

Question 14

The measures of consciousness that are considered to be objective measures are _____________________.

A)self-report and physiological
B)self-report and behavioural
C)physiological and conscious
D)physiological and behavioural

Question 15

Which of the following is most representative of the cognitive perspective on the unconscious mind?

A)The unconscious mind is driven by instinctive urges that the conscious mind acts upon.
B)The preconscious mind is driven by repressed conflicts that are stored in the unconscious mind.
C)The conscious and unconscious mental activities are complementary forms of processing information.
D)Preconscious mental activities are regulated by the emotional conscious.

Question 16

Susan is currently studying for an exam in this course and she is thinking about and attempting to memorize Freud's three levels of consciousness.According to his levels,Susan's current thoughts would be categorized as occurring in the:

A)conscious mind.
B)preconscious mind.
C)unconscious mind.
D)behavioural mind

Question 17

A psychodynamic therapist is working with Jeff,who is depressed.The therapist assumes that Jeff has specific sexual urges that are so anxiety-provoking and guilt-inducing that under normal circumstances,Jeff would not be able to bring these urges into his ordinary conscious awareness.According to Freud,these urges would be considered as existing in the ___________ mind.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)subconscious
D)unconscious

Question 18

Which of the following was mentioned as a characteristic of consciousness?

A)Consciousness is static and constant.
B)Consciousness is objective and public.
C)Consciousness is separate from the process of selective attention.
D)Consciousness is self-reflective.

Question 19

Characteristics of consciousness include that it is:

A)subjective and public.
B)static and private.
C)self-reflective and dynamic.
D)objective and central to our sense of self.

Question 20

A sleep researcher uses EEG recordings to monitor the sleep stages of a patient with a sleep disorder.This researcher's method for measuring an aspect of consciousness would be considered an example of a ___________ measure.

A)behavioural
B)physiological
C)brain imaging
D)physical

Question 21

When flying,jet lag problems are more compatible with our free-running circadian cycle and we have less difficulty flying to the _______ because this ___________ of the day.

A)east; lengthens
B)east; shortens
C)west; lengthens
D)west; shortens

Question 22

For the past few years,Jane has been becoming depressed during the winters.It usually starts around October and continues until February or March,when her mood usually starts to improve.Jane is most likely suffering from:

A)seasonal dissociative disorder.
B)seasonal affective disorder.
C)dissociative identity disorder.
D)seasonal circadian disorder.

Question 23

Jet lag,seasonal affective disorder,and shift work all involve the disruption of:

A)compensatory responses.
B)sleep.
C)controlled processing.
D)circadian rhythms.

Question 24

According to a model of the mind,consciousness arises from the integrated activities of various information-processing subsystems or networks that are responsible for such tasks as memory,problem solving,and emotion.This is the ________ model of the mind.

A)automatic
B)compensatory
C)single entity
D)modular

Question 25

An experiment was done by a Swiss psychologist named Edouard Claparéde with a 47-year-old amnesia patient who could not remember new personal experiences.Claparéde pricked her finger with a concealed pin one day while shaking her hand.What happened when they met the next day?

A)The patient refused to shake his hand again and,then consciously remembered what had happened the day before.
B)The patient started to shake hands but then sudden withdrew her hand,without really knowing why.
C)The patient shook hands again with no memory of the incident from the day before.
D)After shaking hands again,the patient reported a vague memory of the pin prick.

Question 26

According to the text,activities that are performed with little or no conscious effort are said to involve ____________ processing.

A)automatic
B)controlled
C)unconscious
D)conscious

Question 27

Which of the following environmental factors helps to reset our 24-hour biological clock?

A)a standard amount of daylight we receive in a day
B)a standard amount of sleep we get each night
C)exposure to light after a night of sleep
D)exposure to darkness prior to a night of sleep

Question 28

Looking at a map and deciding what route to take to a new destination would be considered an example of:

A)compensatory processing.
B)controlled processing.
C)automatic processing.
D)preconscious processing.

Question 29

The suprachiasmatic nuclei,or SCN,are responsible for the regulation of:

A)breathing and respiration.
B)memory creation and storage.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)motor activity.

Question 30

The hormone secreted from the pineal gland,that has a relaxing effect on the body,and plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms is called:

A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)melatonin

Question 31

A professional basketball player is able to shoot a basketball without really thinking about the particular muscle movements needed to do this.For this athlete,such an action would be said to involve:

A)automatic processing.
B)controlled processing.
C)compensatory processing.
D)conscious processing.

Question 32

If our circadian clocks are not reset each morning by exposure to light,they:

A)still run exactly on a 24-hour cycle.
B)tend to run on a 12-hour cycle.
C)tend to run a cycle that is a little shorter than 24 hours.
D)tend to run a cycle that is a little longer than 24 hours.

Question 33

subliminally presented a group of college students with words that were either positive (e.g.,friend,music,clown)or negative(e.g. ,cancer ,worm ,Monday ) .Their study found that:

A)only the subliminally presented negative words produced a change in mood.
B)only the subliminally presented positive words produced a change in mood.
C)subliminally presented words created moods similar to the valence of the words (e.g.,negative words created sadder moods and positive words created happier moods).
D)subliminally presented words created the opposite mood (e.g.,negative words created happier moods).

Question 34

When our circadian clocks are not reset each day,they run on what is called a cycle which is a little longer than 24 hours.This is called a ______________ circadian rhythm.

A)free-running
B)compensatory
C)synchronized
D)desynchronized

Question 35

Automobile accident rates are three or four times higher when people talk on the telephone while driving.This statistic demonstrates:

A)the limits of controlled (effortful)processing.
B)the limits of selective attention.
C)the limits of the unconscious mind.
D)the limits of divided attention.

Question 36

If someone is placed in a dark cave or room where they are not exposed to the changing light conditions of night and day,what will happen to them if they stay there for a prolonged period of time?

A)They will tend to get up at roughly the same time each day.
B)They will tend to get up earlier and earlier each day.
C)They will tend to get up earlier but go to bed later each day.
D)They will tend to get up later and later each day.

Question 37

A number of recent theoretical models propose the existence of separate but integrated information-processing units within the brain that perform various tasks,such as sensation,perception,and motor behaviour.These units are called:

A)modules.
B)glands.
C)procedures.
D)operations.

Question 38

Research on the impact of nonconscious processes on emotional responses has found that:

A)nonconscious processes will not have an effect on either positive or negative emotional responses.
B)nonconscious processes only have an effect on negative emotional responses.
C)nonconscious processes only have an effect on positive emotional responses.
D)nonconscious processes can have an effect on both positive and negative emotional responses.

Question 39

During the day,superchiasmatic nuclei help to raise the body's temperature and increase alertness by reducing the pineal gland's secretion of ______.

A)melatonin
B)endorphins
C)neurotransmitter molecules
D)antagonistic molecules

Question 40

When a person is learning how to type,their behaviour usually involves controlled processing,but someone who can type quickly,efficiently,and accurately is probably utilizing more ____________ processing.

A)compensatory
B)automatic
C)effortful
D)conscious

Question 41

One reason that night shiftwork has a detrimental effect on circadian rhythms is that:

A)there isn't enough variability in the sleep schedules of night shiftworkers.
B)the nature of night shiftwork is more physically taxing than other types of work typically done during the day.
C)night shiftworkers often do not get enough sleep.
D)night shiftworkers often go home in the morning daylight,which makes it difficult to reset their circadian clocks.

Question 42

When slow and large delta waves dominate the EEG pattern,a person is said to be in:

A)REM sleep
B)stage 1
C)stage 4
D)stage 3

Question 43

The area of the brain that is responsible for regulating the process of falling asleep is the:

A)basal forebrain.
B)reticular formation.
C)thalamus.
D)pons.

Question 44

Robert has been feeling very tired the last few weeks and tells his doctor that he only sleeps two hours a night.Before making a diagnosis,his doctor asks Robert to spend a night in the sleep lab connected to an EEG.Several times that night Robert's brain waves have a low frequency and are large in amplitude.This indicates to the doctor that Robert is:

A)only experiencing the early stages of light sleep.
B)waking several times during the night.
C)experiencing several cycles through the deep stages of sleep.
D)spending an unusual amount of time in REM sleep.

Question 45

Vanessa finds herself suffering from extreme sadness every winter.She has always been sensitive to the weather,but on some winter days it is very hard for her to get up and get going in the morning.It is dark in the morning when she leaves for school and dark in the early evening when she comes home.Which of the following is most likely responsible for Vanessa's sadness?

A)the lack of sunlight in the morning
B)the body's production of excessive suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)during the winter months
C)an underactive pineal gland that fails to secrete enough melatonin
D)the circadian rhythm adjusts the body to a 22-hour cycle in the winter months

Question 46

Of the alternatives below,the most problematic disruption for society to circadian rhythms is caused by:

A)night shiftwork.
B)seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
C)jet lag.
D)switching between Standard Time and Daylight Savings Time.

Question 47

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as "paradoxical" sleep because:

A)there is much tossing and turning but the brain is relatively inactive.
B)aspects of all four stages of sleep occur during REM sleep.
C)it is the only stage in which people have both good dreams and night terrors.
D)the body and brain are aroused but there is little physical movement.

Question 48

Assume that you were a physician who is treating a person with seasonal affective disorder.Based on your knowledge of effective treatments for this problem,which of the following would you recommend?

A)Encourage the person to get more sleep at night.
B)Suggest that the person go to bed earlier than she has been and get up earlier.
C)Expose her to artificial bright lights for 1-2 hours each day.
D)Recommend that she move to a region that has less light during the day in the winters.

Question 49

As you become drowsy,alpha waves become more present,but when you first fall asleep,during stage 1 sleep,these waves are replaced by slower ___________ waves.

A)theta
B)delta
C)beta
D)gamma

Question 50

If you are examining an EEG recording for someone who is sleeping,and sleep spindles start to occur,in what stage of sleep is the person?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 51

Which of the following statements regarding sleep is true?

A)We only have dreams during REM sleep.
B)We only have dreams during non-REM sleep.
C)Dreams can occur during either REM or non-REM sleep,but non-REM dreams are usually longer.
D)Dreams can occur during either REM or NREM sleep,but REM dreams are usually longer.

Question 52

Oral doses of melatonin are used to:

A)shift circadian rhythms.
B)heighten conscious awareness.
C)reduce hallucinations.
D)reduce alcoholic tolerance.

Question 53

The best thing to do to reset your circadian clock would be to expose yourself to outdoor light in the _____________.When you are flying to the ________.

A)afternoon; east
B)morning; west
C)evening; east
D)morning; east

Question 54

Which of the following rotating work schedules would be most conducive to minimizing the problems associated the disruption of circadian rhythms?

A)day shift -> night shift -> evening shift
B)night shift -> evening shift -> day shift
C)day shift -> evening shift -> night shift
D)morning shift -> night shift -> evening shift

Question 55

The body is relaxed and people are usually hard to awaken during slow-wave sleep or ____________ sleep.

A)Stage 1 and Stage 2
B)Stage 3 and Stage 4
C)Stage 1 and Stage 4
D)Stage 4 and REM sleep

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?

A)During REM sleep,brain activity and physiological arousal are significantly less than they are during active wakefulness.
B)During REM sleep,brain activity and physiological arousal are similar to that of active wakefulness.
C)During REM sleep,EEG patterns show a dominance of delta waves.
D)During REM sleep,EEG patterns show a dominance of theta waves.

Question 57

Jose and Carlos were both hired to work the night shift at the local canning factory.Jose sleeps when he gets home from about 7am until 3pm during the week and then sleeps at night on the weekends so that he can spend time with his children.Carlos is not married and tries to sleep at the same time every day,from 7am until 3 pm both during the week and on the weekends.All other factors being equal which of the following statements is most likely true?

A)Carlos becomes unable to keep to his sleep schedule when he occasionally has an appointment during the daytime hours.
B)Carlos is less drowsy on the job and makes fewer errors than Jose.
C)Jose is more successful at keeping the schedule because the weekend night sleep helps him get through the week.
D)Jose is less drowsy on the job and makes fewer errors than Carlos.

Question 58

If you are flying west and have lengthened your travel day,the best thing to do in order to reset your circadian clock to the new time zone would be to:

A)avoid outdoor light in the morning and expose yourself to outdoor light in the late afternoon or early evening.
B)avoid outdoor light in the afternoon and expose yourself to outdoor light in the early morning and late evening.
C)avoid outdoor light in the evening and expose yourself to outdoor light in the early morning.
D)avoid all outdoor light during the day after you arrive.

Question 59

Fred is having a vivid dream about running in a marathon.His body does NOT mimic this running because:

A)Fred is able to voluntarily control his muscle movements during this dream.
B)the level of arousal in the body and the activity of the brain are significantly less during REM sleep so physical movement is impossible.
C)even though our brains are very active,we are essentially paralysed while in REM sleep.
D)dreaming has been found to take place only in the prefrontal lobe and doesn't affect any other areas of the brain or body.

Question 60

Compared to a REM dream,a non-REM dream is usually:

A)longer and less vivid.
B)shorter and less story-like.
C)more experiential and real.
D)less fixed and shorter.

Question 61

Research conducted on the effectiveness of pulling all-nighters found that students deprived of a night's sleep:

A)performed more poorly on a critical thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.
B)performed slightly better on a critical thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.
C)performed significantly better on a critical thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.
D)performed essentially the same on a critical thinking task as students allowed to sleep.

Question 62

was conducted to examine the impact of various types of sleep deprivation on mood and performance.The results of this study revealed that:

A)partial sleep-deprived participants experienced a minor impact on mood and performance compared to total sleep-deprived participants.
B)though their moods generally suffered,sleep-deprived participants had cognitive and physical performances roughly equivalent to non-deprived participants.
C)both partial and total sleep-deprived participants experienced strong negative effects on mood and performance.
D)in contrast to mood and physical performance,cognitive performance on tasks was unaffected in sleep-deprived participants.

Question 63

The reticular formation contains neurons that:

A)are involved in the regulation of falling asleep.
B)activate other brain systems involved in "turning on" REM sleep.
C)directly determine the specific timing of our circadian rhythms.
D)are sensitive to light signals that reset the circadian clock.

Question 64

If a human is sleeping for an average of about 16 hours a day and approximately half of this sleep time is spent in sleep,then this human is most likely:

A)an elderly person.
B)has a melatonin deficiency.
C)has a damaged reticular formation.
D)an infant.

Question 65

The restoration model of sleep asserts that:

A)the main purpose of sleep is to produce antibodies and fight infection.
B)the function of sleep is to provide the opportunity to dream.
C)sleep serves a function similar to that of hypnosis.
D)sleep occurs to allow our bodies and minds to recover from fatigue.

Question 66

When Kelly is interviewing potential nannies to care for her baby after it is born,she might take into consideration the likely amount of sleep the nanny applicants might require.Gladys,the grandmotherly 80-year-old,probably needs ____________ sleep than Courtney,the 19-year-old.

A)much more
B)no different
C)more
D)less

Question 67

Mary marries a much younger man; in fact,Mary is 75 years old,while her new husband,Aaron,is 25 years old.One of the biggest problems they have is getting used to each other's sleep routines.Aaron goes to bed about 11:00 pm each night and gets up just before 7:00 am each morning.This is hard for Mary who,because she is so much older:

A)takes only two hour catnaps all night long.
B)needs more sleep than the eight hours a younger adult usually sleeps.
C)sleeps a little less than six hours a night.
D)sleeps about as much as a newborn,around 12 hours a night.

Question 68

,sleep deprivation had the strongest negative effect on which of the following areas?

A)physical performance
B)mood
C)cognitive performance
D)sense of balance

Question 69

According to the evolutionary/circadian models of sleep,the main purpose of sleep is to:

A)restore mental and physical functions.
B)conserve energy.
C)ensure the survival of a species.
D)provide the opportunity for essential REM sleep.

Question 70

Joyce is a well-organized student and plans her activities as well as her studying in advance.Joyce knows she has a history exam next Friday,so she plans to sleep 4 hours on Wednesday night,4 hours on Thursday night,and then sleep 16 hours Friday night to make up for the missed sleep.Researchers know that Joyce's plan:

A)will work because people do not show signs of sleep deprivation for at least three days so her test performance will not suffer.
B)is faulty because it is unlikely that a young adult college student can sleep 16 hours straight.
C)is faulty because we do not make up all of the sleep time we have lost.
D)will work because young adult college students need only 4 hours of sleep per night.

Question 71

There is a cellular waste product that appears to be involved in signaling the brain areas responsible for sleep,telling them to "slow down" because too much cellular fuel has been burned.This cellular waste product is __________________.

A)adenosine
B)melatonin
C)norepinephrine
D)gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 72

The restoration and evolutionary theories of sleep both propose that:

A)sleep is needed to enhance functioning and survival in the waking hours.
B)sleep patterns are inherited from the maternal genes.
C)sleep is necessary to allow information learned while awake to be processed.
D)the number of hours we sleep is dependent on our species.

Question 73

Assume you are participating in a sleep experiment in which each time you enter REM sleep,you are woken up and thus temporarily prevented from entering REM sleep.What will happen to your sleeping pattern immediately after the conclusion of the experiment?

A)You will temporarily experience less REM sleep for the next few nights.
B)You will tend to go to bed later than usual for the next few nights.
C)You will temporarily experience more REM sleep for the next few nights.
D)You will experience more stage 3 and stage 4 sleep for the next few nights.

Question 74

The function of sleep is to restore our fatigued bodies and recover from physical and mental weariness according to the ______________ model.

A)regeneration
B)evolutionary/circadian
C)restoration
D)renovation

Question 75

Which of the following statements regarding sleep is true?

A)As we age,we spend more time in REM sleep.
B)As we age,we spend less time in stages 3 and 4 sleep.
C)Young infants spend about 75 percent of their total sleep in REM.
D)Young adults (19- to 30-year olds)sleep less on average than elderly adults.

Question 76

The part of the brain that contains the "REM-sleep On" neurons that signal the other parts of the brain and control different aspects of REM sleep is called the __________________.

A)hypothalamus
B)basal forebrain
C)reticular formation
D)hippocampus

Question 77

All of the following statements regarding sleep and the aging process are true EXCEPT:

A)time spent in REM sleep dramatically increases from infancy to early childhood.
B)from young adulthood on,we tend to sleep less.
C)time spent in stage 3 and 4 sleep decreases with age.
D)the amount of time spent in REM sleep is relatively stable from young adulthood on.

Question 78

Research comparing young adults to elderly adults has found that as people get older they:

A)tend to sleep more at night.
B)tend to spend more time in stage 1 and 2 sleep.
C)tend to sleep less at night.
D)tend to spend more time in stage 3 and 4 sleep.

Question 79

It is known that the basal forebrain is involved in the regulation of falling asleep,while the part of the brain that is responsible for signaling other brain areas involved in "turning on" REM sleep is called the ___________.

A)reticular formation
B)brain stem
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 80

You have studied a fair amount for an important test tomorrow but are considering pulling an all-nighter so that you can really be prepared.According to research on sleep deprivation,the best thing to do would be to ____________ since students who stay up all night studying have been found to ___________ on cognitive tasks.

A)go to bed and sleep; do better
B)go to bed and sleep; do worse
C)stay up all night studying; do better
D)stay up all night studying; do worse