Deck 12: Development Over the Lifespan

Question 1

Two common observations that give rise to the concept of personality are:

A)individuality and organization.
B)individuality and consistency.
C)organization and structure.
D)consistency and identity.

Answer 1

individuality and consistency.

Question 2

According to Freud,the activities of this structure are primarily governed by the pleasure principle.This structure is called:

A)id
B)ego
C)preconscious
D)superego

Answer 2

id

Question 3

A new theory is able to provide a comprehensive explanation of behaviour in a particular area,generates relatively accurate predictions,and stimulates the development of new knowledge.Personality theorists would consider such a theory to be ________________.

A)confirmed
B)definite
C)useful
D)proven

Answer 3

useful

Question 4

Though his original theory of personality has been and continues to be criticized,Freud's ideas served to inspire the work of other personality theorists who have made significant contributions to the field.In this sense,Freud's theory could be considered "useful" because it:

A)stimulated the discovery of new knowledge.
B)suggested that personality is shaped by behaviours that appear to fit together.
C)allowed researchers to predict future events with relative accuracy.
D)provided a comprehensive framework to explain known facts.

Question 5

When treating people with conversion hysteria,Freud noticed that people with this disorder often appeared to improve when:

A)they re-experienced traumatic memories and feelings.
B)their superegos were strengthened.
C)their defence mechanisms became more balanced.
D)they sublimated their sexual and aggressive energies.

Question 6

The distinctive and relatively consistent ways of thinking,feeling,and behaving that characterize a person's responses to various life situations is defined as:

A)self-efficacy
B)internalization
C)personality
D)self-verification

Question 7

Freud's ideas regarding the power of the unconscious were shaped largely by observations of people with which of the following disorders?

A)depression
B)conversion hysteria
C)schizophrenia
D)multiple personality

Question 8

Of the standards below,there is one that is NOT used to evaluate the usefulness of a personality theory:

A)how well the theory provides a comprehensive framework in which known material can be incorporated.
B)if the theory allows the prediction of future events with some precision.
C)if the theory generates data and results that apply generally to all people.
D)how well the theory stimulates the discovery of new knowledge.

Question 9

As you are reading this question,you are presently aware of these words and their meanings.According to Freud,these mental events are taking place in the:

A)unconscious mind.
B)nonconscious mind.
C)conscious mind.
D)preconscious mind.

Question 10

Freud divided personality into three separate but interacting structures called:

A)the conscious,unconscious,and preconscious mind.
B)the id,ego,and superego.
C)repression,denial,and sublimation.
D)the id,conscious,and denial.

Question 11

All of the following were methods that Freud used to discover hidden unconscious material EXCEPT:

A)hypnosis.
B)sublimation.
C)dream analysis.
D)free association.

Question 12

Bob stands up,raises his hands in the air,and yells at the top of his lungs.If you know that he is doing this at a well-attended baseball game,you don't necessarily think that this information provides you with much information about Bob's personality.However,if you are told that Bob does this while waiting in line for groceries at the super market,this same behaviour has more impact on your estimation of what kind of person Bob is.This second instance of Bob's behaviour provides information that contributes significantly to inferences regarding personality and demonstrates the contribution of ______________.

A)consistency
B)internalization
C)self-efficacy
D)individuality

Question 13

Freud argued that instinctual urges and desires continually give rise to energy.The energy created by this process serves to power the mind and constantly needs to be released in either direct or indirect ways.Freud termed this as ________________ .

A)psychic energy
B)sublimation
C)repression
D)free association

Question 14

Freud's observations of people with conversion hysteria convinced him of the power of:

A)sublimation.
B)the superego.
C)conscious defence mechanisms.
D)the unconscious mind.

Question 15

Sally tends to be shy when she is in class,when she is with friends in her dorm,and also when she is home with her family.This example best demonstrates one of the factors that shapes our notions of personality called the concept of behavioural.

A)consistency
B)validity
C)internalization
D)individuality

Question 16

Which of the following was mentioned as being a characteristic of a personality theory that is useful for psychologists?

A)A personality theory is useful if it has been proven to be true.
B)A personality theory is useful if it focuses more on consistency than on individuality.
C)A personality theory is useful if it appears to fit together in a meaningful fashion.
D)A personality theory is useful if it stimulates the discovery of new knowledge.

Question 17

In his original conceptualization of psychoanalytic theory,Freud considered the personality to be an energy system that was very similar to:

A)a chemical reaction.
B)electrical current.
C)a steam engine.
D)an automobile.

Question 18

Assuming that you are not currently thinking about what you did during your last summer vacation Freud would say that your memory would most likely reside in the:

A)unconscious mind.
B)preconscious mind.
C)nonconscious mind.
D)conscious mind.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory is true?

A)The conscious,preconscious,and unconscious minds are roughly equivalent in size.
B)The preconscious mind is substantially larger than the conscious or unconscious mind.
C)The conscious mind is substantially larger than the unconscious or preconscious mind.
D)The unconscious mind is substantially larger than the conscious or preconscious mind.

Question 20

All of the following were mentioned as characteristics of the behaviours typically associated with personality EXCEPT behaviours that are viewed as:

A)components of identity.
B)being primarily caused by unconscious factors.
C)being primarily caused by internal factors.
D)fitting together in an organized fashion.

Question 21

Terry has been diagnosed with terminal cancer.Rather than spend his time and money on vacations and activities he enjoys,Terry spends his time seeking alternative forms of medicine and increasing his retirement investment portfolio.Rather than realistically approaching his situation,he appears to be using the defense mechanism of ________.

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)denial

Question 22

On Randy's 11^th birthday,his grandmother asks him whether or not he remembers the cake he had last year on his 10^th birthday.Although Randy was not thinking about last year's cake when his grandmother asked the question,he was easily able to recall the cake at his party last year.In this case,the memory of the cake from his 10^th birthday moved from his _____________ to his _______________.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)preconscious; conscious
C)unconscious; preconscious
D)preconscious; preconscious

Question 23

Jeff likes to smoke cigars and when he doesn't have one of these,he often likes to suck on breath mints or other hard candies.In social situations,he tends to talk a lot,and because he really enjoys eating,is a little overweight.According to Freud's theory,Jeff most likely experienced a fixation at which psychosexual stage of development?

A)anal
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 24

Susan's therapist quickly recognizes that Susan keeps falling in love with men with personality traits just like her father.The trouble is,none of these men seem to be good enough for her.Susan's therapist is looking at personality traits through a _______perspective.

A)social cognitive
B)biological
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 25

The ego and superego are similar in that both:

A)are governed by the reality principle.
B)strive to control the impulses of the id.
C)are shaped through the process of identification.
D)function primarily at the preconscious level of mind.

Question 26

When the erogenous zones associated with various psychosexual stages are exposed to deprivations or overindulgences,a state of arrested development may occur that psychoanalytic theorists call:

A)compulsion.
B)fixation.
C)obsession.
D)repression.

Question 27

Which of the following personality structures is sometimes referred to as the "executive of the personality"?

A)the ego
B)the id
C)the preconscious mind
D)the superego

Question 28

Which of the following presents the proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)anal,oral,phallic,latency,and genital
B)oral,anal,genital,latency,and phallic
C)oral,anal,latency,phallic,and genital
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,and genital

Question 29

John is a rather aggressive person with lots of energy.He sometimes got into trouble for aggressive behaviour as a teenager,but he has recently vented his aggressive feelings by playing rugby on a local team.Instead of getting into trouble for his aggressive behaviour,John now finds that he is considered to be a well-respected and valuable rugby player by his teammates.According to Freud,joining the rugby team would best be considered an example of the defence mechanism of:

A)sublimation.
B)denial.
C)displacement.
D)repression.

Question 30

Why is the ego sometimes referred to as the "executive of the personality"?

A)It is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure.
B)It functions primarily in the conscious mind,which represents the highest level of mental functioning.
C)It must balance the needs of the id,superego,and reality.
D)It generates and provides the psychic energy upon which the other personality structures depend.

Question 31

Psychoanalysts generally agree that the primary defence mechanism utilized by the ego to control the anxiety-generating urges created by the id is the:

A)sublimation
B)denial
C)repression
D)reaction formation

Question 32

During a conversation with a friend,Al starts to get angry at what she is saying.This is an emotion that he considers inappropriate and childish.As a result,instead of noticing his own anger,he erroneously begins to believe that his friend is becoming angry,even though she is doing no such thing.This example best demonstrates the defence mechanism of:

A)reaction formation.
B)projection.
C)sublimation.
D)displacement.

Question 33

When confronted by potentially overwhelming urges,in order to reject or distort reality and thus effectively reduce the anxiety that accompanies these urges,the ego may resort to what are called ________________.

A)free associations
B)subliminal psychodynamic activations
C)archetypes
D)defence mechanisms

Question 34

The ego functions primarily at the conscious level of mind and operates according to the _____________.

A)unconscious mind
B)pleasure principle
C)preconscious mind
D)reality principle

Question 35

Because it must juggle and balance moral imperatives,unconscious desires,and the realities of life,the ego is sometimes called the "_____________ of the personality."

A)manager
B)secretary
C)director
D)executive

Question 36

Through the process of identification with significant others,most often parents,the creation of the ______________ occurs.

A)ego
B)id and ego
C)superego
D)id

Question 37

Jake's girlfriend just broke up with him and Jake does not appear to be upset at all.Jake keeps talking about the strength of character he has developed and the interesting way in which his girlfriend decided to break up with him.Jake may be employing the ______________ defense mechanism.

A)intellectualization
B)denial
C)sublimation
D)projection

Question 38

The Oedipus complex is thought to take place during the:

A)anal stage.
B)latency stage.
C)oral stage.
D)phallic stage.

Question 39

According to Freud's theory of personality,part of the personality present at birth contains inborn biological drives and operates under the pleasure principle.This is the ________.

A)ego
B)super ego
C)alter ego
D)id

Question 40

Id is to pleasure principle,as ego is to _____________ as superego is to _____________.

A)conscious; preconscious
B)defence mechanisms; psychosexual stages
C)reality principle; moralistic goals
D)repression; archetypes

Question 41

John Bowlby's attachment theory was discussed as being derived directly from which of the following approaches?

A)Erik Erickson's life-span development approach
B)Alfred Adler's inferiority complex model
C)object relations theory
D)Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology

Question 42

One of the primary drawbacks of psychoanalytic theory is that:

A)none of Sigmund Freud's propositions have held up under research.
B)it is so comprehensive that it is hard to test specific predictions.
C)it is so limited in details that it doesn't explain enough.
D)it failed to stimulate future research.

Question 43

According to Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists,the active process of realizing our total human potential is referred to as:

A)self-actualization
B)self-efficacy
C)self-enhancement
D)self-verification

Question 44

A central concept in Carl Rogers's theory is our consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about ourselves referred to as:

A)unconditional positive regard
B)the need for positive self regard
C)the self
D)self-actualization

Question 45

Compared to the hostile,aggressive nature of people as seen by Freud,the humanistic perspective views people as ________________.

A)inherently self-absorbed
B)inherently good
C)driven by negative emotion
D)asexual creatures

Question 46

Kathy's father was an abusive alcoholic and as a result of her early experience,Kathy has a distorted mental image of all fathers as being abusive people.According to a certain theory,there will be an unconscious influence on Kathy's future relationships with men.This view is represented by the:

A)humanistic theory
B)object relations theory
C)Erik Erickson's life-span development approach
D)Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology

Question 47

Sarah has the belief that she is good in math,but she has just received her first "D" grade in her first year calculus class.This inconsistency between Sarah's self-belief and her actual experience would most likely generate what Carl Rogers termed:

A)self-actualization.
B)a condition of worth.
C)a threat.
D)a need for unconditional self-regard.

Question 48

Constructs such as the collective unconscious and archetypes are part of:

A)Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology.
B)Erik Erickson's theory of social interest.
C)Carl Rogers's self theory.
D)John Bowlby's object relations theory.

Question 49

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory,creative and artistic achievements arise from intrapsychic conflict,while in Roger's humanistic theory,they arise from ______________.

A)the need for congruence
B)the tendency toward realization of one's potential
C)the need for positive self-regard
D)the tendency toward self-enhancement

Question 50

The humanistic concept of self-actualization refers to the process of:

A)gaining and preserving a positive self-image.
B)realizing our full human potential.
C)believing that you can take the steps needed to achieve desired outcomes.
D)maintaining self-identity through self-consistency and congruence.

Question 51

Neoanalytic theorists such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung departed from traditional psychoanalytic theory in that they:

A)were less optimistic than Sigmund Freud regarding human nature.
B)assumed that personality is almost entirely shaped during childhood.
C)believed childhood sexuality needed to be emphasized even more.
D)believed that Sigmund Freud did not place enough emphasis on social and cultural factors.

Question 52

Which of the following was mentioned as a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A)His theory failed to stimulate any further theoretical advances.
B)His concepts were ambiguous and difficult to operationally define.
C)His theory was not complex enough.
D)His theory was too specific and not comprehensive enough.

Question 53

According to Carl Rogers,self-consistency refers to the human need:

A)to maintain consistency between our self-beliefs and our actual experiences.
B)for acceptance,love,and sympathy from others.
C)to realize our total human potential.
D)to maintain consistency among our various self-beliefs.

Question 54

Which of the following statements regarding current research on unconscious processes is most accurate?

A)Surprisingly,modern research results have confirmed that the vast majority of Freud's ideas are accurate.
B)As was the case with more traditional studies,modern research techniques have failed to find any support for Freud's theory.
C)Though advances have been made,we still do not have the technology available to test any of Freud's theory.
D)Modern techniques have shown that unconscious processing does occur,but the nature of this processing appears to be less volatile than Freud assumed.

Question 55

Which of the following best captures the orientation of the object relations approach?

A)It focuses on childhood sexuality and defence mechanisms.
B)It focuses on the mental images created by significant experiences with caregivers.
C)It focuses on people's motives to advance the welfare of others and to compensate for real or imagined defects.
D)It focuses on our innate tendencies for growth and self-actualization.

Question 56

A present-day look at psychoanalytic theory reveals that there is some research evidence indicating that unconscious processing occurs and that many modern psychodynamic theorists reject Freud's ideas about.

A)sexual fantasies
B)obesity
C)childhood sexuality
D)toilet training

Question 57

Carl Rogers asserted that well-adjusted individuals respond to the threat created by experiences that are inconsistent with the self by:

A)modifying their self-concept so that it is consistent with experience.
B)altering the experience so that it is consistent with their self-concept.
C)increasing their conditions of worth.
D)realizing their total potential.

Question 58

Ronnie's new roommate,Tim,is driving him crazy! His roommate is a compulsive neat freak who cannot tolerate anything left out of place in the apartment.Not only that,but Tim insists the cleaning be done in a certain way and at a certain time each day.If Tim were to seek advice from a psychoanalyst,Tim might be told that his compulsions are the result of harsh toilet training when Tim was a child.This suggests Tim is stuck in the ___________ psychosexual stage of development.

A)anal
B)genital
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 59

Bob thinks that he is a good tennis player and his results support this belief.He is better than almost all of the people in his tennis club and he wins most of his tennis matches.This agreement between Bob's beliefs and his actual experience would best be considered as an example of Carl Rogers's concept of:

A)self-actualization.
B)congruence.
C)self-consistency.
D)a condition of worth.

Question 60

While Sigmund Freud maintained that human behaviour is directed by unconscious forces,Carl Rogers asserted that people's actions are determined by ______________.

A)the need for congruence
B)the collective unconscious and archetypes
C)mental images of significant caregivers
D)our current experience of self and environment

Question 61

Within any given culture,specific information about gender-role socialization informs us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women.These are referred to as:

A)gender norms
B)gender schemas
C)gender standards
D)gender ideals

Question 62

When growing up,John's parents were uncomfortable every time that John happened to be sad.As a result,John now disapproves of his own sad feelings,even when they are appropriate.Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists would consider John's attitude towards his sad feelings as an example of:

A)a condition of worth.
B)an inferiority complex.
C)a need for positive self-regard.
D)a need for positive regard.

Question 63

Margaret is prone to depression and physical illness.She lacks the tools needed to make herself feel better when she experiences a negative outcome or failure.Margaret most likely:

A)is programmed to succeed and cannot deal with failures as they rarely happen
B)experienced unconditional love and acceptance as a child
C)has low self-esteem and sees herself as an ineffective person
D)has an unrealistic view of the world

Question 64

A person from a collectivistic culture would most likely mention which of the following when asked to list his or her important personal attributes?

A)I am smart.
B)I am athletic.
C)I am a student.
D)I am funny.

Question 65

Carl Rogers believed that conditions of worth can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant _____________ between self-perceptions and experience.

A)congruence
B)self-consistency
C)incongruence
D)inconsistency

Question 66

Carl Rogers assumed that people have an innate need to receive love,sympathy,and acceptance from others,which he called:

A)a condition of worth.
B)a need for positive regard.
C)self-actualization.
D)a need for positive self-regard.

Question 67

Which of the following criticisms has been made against humanistic theories of personality?

A)The theories are so comprehensive that they are hard to falsify or disprove.
B)There is virtually no research evidence to support any of the claims made by the theories.
C)The theories need to define some important humanistic constructs which may involve circular reasoning.
D)The theories place too much emphasis on childhood sexuality.

Question 68

According to this perspective,personality is the result of the satisfaction of growth needs and the constant striving for self-realization.This is the __________________ perspective.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)sociocultural
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 69

Research examining gender differences in self-concepts suggest that the self-concepts of women are more ____________ than those of men.

A)collectivistic
B)self-actualized
C)achievement-oriented
D)individualistic

Question 70

People who tend to feel positively about themselves have been found to be happier,have fewer relationship difficulties,and reach higher achievement levels than people who feel more negatively about themselves.These individuals have high __________.

A)self-efficacy
B)self-verification
C)self-consistency
D)self-esteem

Question 71

The superego's "shoulds" in Freud's psychoanalytic theory are most similar to __________________ in Roger's humanistic theory.

A)the need for positive self-regard
B)conditional positive regard
C)conditions of worth
D)the need for self-verification

Question 72

According to humanistic theory,a child who receives unconditional positive regard from her parents is likely to avoid the problems that are associated with _____________.

A)self-actualization needs
B)positive self-regard needs
C)self-consistency
D)conditions of worth

Question 73

Josh believes that he is socially outgoing.He just met several new people,some of whom have told him that he seems to be a very social person (congruent feedback),while a few others have made comments to Josh that he seems to be quite shy and reserved (incongruent feedback).According the construct of self-verification,how will Josh recall this feedback?

A)Josh should have a poor memory for both the congruent and incongruent feedback.
B)Josh should have a good memory for both the congruent and incongruent feedback.
C)Josh should remember the congruent feedback better than the incongruent feedback.
D)Josh should remember the incongruent feedback better than the congruent feedback.

Question 74

In personality research,identifying clusters of specific behaviours that are so highly associated with one another that they are assumed to be due to a single trait or basic dimension of personality is done through ______________.

A)intuition
B)factor analysis
C)component analysis
D)circular reasoning

Question 75

Research indicates that,in general,men in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more individualistic than are women's,while women in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more _________________ than are men's.

A)self-enhancing
B)collectivistic
C)self-consistent
D)self-actualized

Question 76

Studies have found that individuals often seek relationships with others who confirm their positive or negative views of themselves,so much so that when someone with a negative self-view marries a person who views them favourably,the person with the negative self-view will often withdraw from the marriage.This phenomenon is most consistent with the concept of:

A)self-enhancement.
B)self-verification.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 77

Alan knows that no matter what his report card grades are,his parents will love him.He knows he is not always the most thoughtful son,but he has also recognized that his parents love him based not on his behaviour but on who he is.Rogers called this concept:

A)lack of unconditional positive regard
B)conditioned positive regard
C)unconditional positive regard
D)the need for acceptance

Question 78

According to the text,much of the modern research on the self-concept owes its roots to the work of:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Carl Jung.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 79

Rogers's notion of self-enhancement refers to people's need to:

A)maintain their self-image through self-consistency and congruence.
B)realize their full human potential.
C)receive sympathy and love from other people.
D)gain and preserve a positive self-image.

Question 80

A lack of consistent guidelines and punishment as well as a loss of love for misbehaviour were both mentioned as factors that can contribute to the development of low ____________ in children.

A)self-esteem
B)self-verification
C)self-monitoring
D)self-consistency