Deck 13: Behaviour in a Social Context

Question 1

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the humanistic perspective of psychological disorders?

A)Psychological disorders are caused by unresolved psychological conflicts.
B)Psychological disorders are caused by negative and maladaptive thoughts.
C)Psychological disorders are caused by incongruence between self-perceptions and experience.
D)Psychological disorders are caused by cultural and social factors.

Answer 1

Psychological disorders are caused by incongruence between self-perceptions and experience.

Question 2

Sara lost both of her parents when she was a young child.Primarily because of this historical event,she develops an anxiety disorder when she learns that the life of her best friend is threatened by cancer.This example provides the best illustration of:

A)learned helplessness.
B)the vulnerability-stress model.
C)the demonological perspective.
D)the trauma dissociation model.

Answer 2

the vulnerability-stress model.

Question 3

Maladaptive and self-defeating thought patterns are most central to the ____________ perspective of psychological disorders.

A)humanistic
B)cognitive
C)sociocultural
D)behavioural

Answer 3

cognitive

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding schizophrenia is ?
A.Twin studies show a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia for identical twins than for fraternal twins.
B.Schizophrenia shows a concordance rate in identical twins of approximately 70 percent.
C.Adoption studies show higher concordance rates with biological parents than with adoptive parents.
D.Relatives who are direct relatives of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia are at greater risk for developing the disorder.

Question 5

All of the following were mentioned as one of the three Ds that typically influence judgments regarding abnormal behaviour EXCEPT:

A)distressing
B)dysfunctional
C)deviance
D)distinctive

Question 6

People who held the demonological perspective on psychological disorders would sometimes treat abnormal behaviours by chiselling a small hole in the head of the individual in an attempt to release the evil spirit trapped inside.This procedure was called:

A)therapeutic chiselling.
B)trephination.
C)primitive psychological surgery.
D)spirit elimination.

Question 7

A recent immigrant to Canada has been having some difficulties with everyday life,and after some initial hesitation,decides to see a therapist for some assistance.After the interview,the therapist makes a particular diagnosis and is discussing the case with a colleague when the colleague raises some concerns.She points out that the therapist may need to reconsider his diagnosis because the behaviours involved are much more common and are even considered "normal" in the country from which the person came.The views of the colleague are most consistent with the ___________ perspective on psychological disorders.

A)sociocultural
B)behavioural
C)biological
D)cognitive

Question 8

Two siblings can grow up in identical environments and as adults one develops a psychological disorder and the other does not.Psychologists have taken biological,psychological,and environmental factors and explored how these factors relate to each other in order to explain the above situation.This is called the:

A)vulnerability-stress model
B)predisposition-dysfunction model
C)reliably-valid model
D)psychodynamic model

Question 9

When treating a person with a psychological disorder,a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem in large part from his extreme and inappropriate use of defense mechanisms such as repression.This therapist most likely identifies with the ___________ perspective of psychological disorders.

A)cognitive
B)behavioural
C)sociocultural
D)psychodynamic

Question 10

In the vulnerability-stress model of psychological disorders,vulnerabilities:

A)can be biological factors.
B)can be biological or psychological factors.
C)can be environmental factors.
D)can be biological,psychological,or environmental factors.

Question 11

The first evidence that psychological disorders may be caused by a physiological disorder came in the 1800s with the identification of a physical condition,resulted in bizarre behaviour called _________________.

A)trephination
B)general paresis
C)paranoia
D)hysteria

Question 12

The first historical demonstration of a psychological disorder with a clear biological cause was ______________.

A)glove anesthesia
B)agoraphobia
C)general paresis
D)insanity

Question 13

The humanistic perspective views psychological disorders as the result of:

A)inappropriate or extreme use of psychological mechanisms to cope with one's anxieties.
B)environmental forces that frustrate people's inherent developmental tendencies.
C)maladaptive and self-defeating thought patterns.
D)interactions between personal vulnerabilities and environmental stressors.

Question 14

A person alive during the Middle Ages most likely held which of the following views on abnormal behaviour?

A)Psychological disorders are caused by supernatural forces.
B)Psychological disorders are caused by biological disorders.
C)Psychological disorders are caused by stressful environments
D)Psychological disorders are caused by physical and psychological vulnerabilities.

Question 15

When looking at the historical evolution of attitudes towards psychological disorders,general paresis is a disease with great significance because it:

A)provided the first evidence of a psychological disorder with a biological cause.
B)showed how psychological factors can produce actual physical abnormalities.
C)provided the first evidence supporting the vulnerability-stress model
D)demonstrated how psychological factors can create physical symptoms that have no identifiable biological cause.

Question 16

An explanation for the demonstration that personal and situational factors can interact with one another is found in the _______________ .

A)example of general paresis
B)learned helplessness theory
C)trauma-dissociation theory
D)the vulnerability-stress model

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder is ?
A.Obsessions are usually triggered by external stimuli.
B.Compulsions are typically irrational.
C.Obsessions are usually very difficult if not impossible to control.
D.Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts that intrude into consciousness.

Question 18

Biological,psychological,or environmental predispositions can combine with current or recent events to produce psychological disorders called ____________.

A)stressors
B)handicaps
C)vulnerabilities
D)traumatic events

Question 19

The demonological perspective on abnormal behaviour assumes that psychological disorders are caused by:

A)distorted thinking.
B)physical abnormalities.
C)dysfunctional environments.
D)supernatural forces.

Question 20

The fact that people with psychological disorders usually experience suffering that is long-lasting or disproportionate to the situation best demonstrates how people often use make judgments about abnormal behaviours based on the amount of ____________ .

A)deviance
B)dysfunction
C)distress
D)distinction

Question 21

Regarding a diagnostic classification system for psychological disorders,reliability means that clinicians using the classification system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic classifications,whereas,if the categories accurately capture the essential features of the disorders this is called _______________.

A)validity
B)accuracy
C)consistency
D)verifiability

Question 22

If we say that a diagnostic classification system,such as the DSM-IV,is reliable,this specifically means that:

A)it can accurately distinguish between different disorders.
B)it is accurately assessing the disorders it is intended to.
C)it is also valid system.
D)it is consistent system.

Question 23

During a psychological assessment,a client shares that she just lost her job and recently ended a long-term romantic relationship.Such information would be recorded on Axis ____ by a psychologist using the DSM-IV.

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV

Question 24

The DSM-IV uses Axis _____ to note relevant physical conditions.

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV

Question 25

The ability of a diagnostic classification system to effectively differentiate between various disorders and to accurately capture the essential features of these disorders is most relevant to which of the following qualities?

A)reliability
B)consistency
C)validity
D)stability

Question 26

The text defines abnormal behaviour as containing all of the following elements EXCEPT:

A)It is psychologically determined.
B)It is personally distressing.
C)It is personally dysfunctional.
D)It is culturally deviant.

Question 27

When considering the term "insanity," it is important to remember that:

A)it is an Axis II disorder that has substantial overlap with other Axis I and Axis II disorders.
B)while it has strong reliability,its validity has not yet been fully established.
C)it refers to a defendant's state of mind at the time of a trial,not when the crime was committed.
D)it is a legal term,not a psychological term.

Question 28

A clinical psychologist is using a particular diagnostic classification system to diagnose a psychological disorder.She finds that her system yields consistent results but,unfortunately,it does not appear to be accurately assessing the disorder in which she is interested.This would mean that her classification system is:

A)valid but not reliable
B)reliable but not valid.
C)both reliable and valid.
D)neither reliable nor valid.

Question 29

Lucas is accused of a particularly violent murder.His attorney is arguing to the judge that Lucas cannot be tried for the crime because he cannot understand the nature of the charges against him as he is currently _______________ .

A)distraught
B)mentally stable
C)incompetent
D)insane

Question 30

All of the following were discussed as potential limitations of the use of diagnostic systems such as the DSM-IV EXCEPT:

A)There is a decrease in the reliability and validity of the assessment of mental disorders .
B)People diagnosed with a disorder may identify with it and thus make the symptoms worse.
C)Someone with a psychiatric diagnosis may be treated differently by others.
D)A psychiatric label may make it difficult to objectively view a person's behaviour.

Question 31

One of the significant criticisms of the DSM-IV is that there is considerable overlap between disorders assessed on Axis I and disorders assessed on Axis _____.

A)II
B)III
C)IV
D)V

Question 32

The term "competency" is most concerned with:

A)the severity of the Axis I or II disorder(s)with which a person has been diagnosed.
B)whether a person can meaningfully appreciate the wrongfulness of their acts at the time of a crime.
C)a person's current state of mind at the time of a trial or hearing.
D)a person's state of mind at the time of a crime.

Question 33

Negative perceptions in both the people being diagnosed and in others can be generated as one of the detrimental effects of ______________ .

A)personality disorders
B)developmental disorders
C)psychiatric labeling
D)comorbidity

Question 34

The DSM-IV axis that reflects a person's global assessment of functioning is Axis V,and any long-standing personality or developmental disorders are represented on Axis __.

A)I
B)III
C)II
D)IV

Question 35

Someone who avoids social situations and refrains from speaking in class because of social anxiety is demonstrating the _______________ component of anxiety.

A)cognitive
B)environmental
C)physiological
D)behavioural

Question 36

Rosenhan conducted a study in which he and several colleagues got themselves admitted to mental institutions and once they were in the hospitals,they acted normally.The results from this study revealed that:

A)they were quickly identified as mentally healthy individuals and asked to leave.
B)diagnostic labels appeared to greatly influence how their normal behaviour was interpreted.
C)just being in this type of environment served to create some of the initial symptoms of psychological disorders.
D)this methodology was effective for allowing them to study the abnormal behaviours of other people in the institution.

Question 37

The legal term "competency" refers to a person's state of mind at a trial or hearing,while the term ______________ is concerned with a person's mental state at the time a crime was committed.

A)"insanity"
B)"well-being"
C)"adequacy"
D)"cognition"

Question 38

In the DSM-IV,Axis I contains the assessment of:

A)personality or developmental disorders.
B)the primary diagnosis.
C)global functioning.
D)environmental stressors.

Question 39

Stacey tends to worry a lot.She is frequently thinking about how other people may think less of her or may do things that will embarrass or humiliate her.These thoughts serve to keep Stacey anxious a great deal of the time and best demonstrate the ____________ component of anxiety.

A)physiological
B)cognitive
C)behavioural
D)environmental

Question 40

When a defendant is on trial for murder and they plead insanity as a defense,this means

A)the diagnosis fits the DSM-IV criterion
B)they were impaired enough at the time of the murder to not understand or control their actions
C)they are currently traumatized by their actions and are not capable of standing trial
D)the vulnerability-stress model would indicate they were not responsible for their actions at the time of the murder

Question 41

Someone who is afraid to leave their house because they are afraid of being in public places would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)agoraphobia.
C)environmental phobia.
D)social phobia.

Question 42

These repetitive behavioural responses are accompanied by obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by frequently disturbing thoughts:

A)manias
B)hallucinations
C)compulsions
D)delusions

Question 43

According to the text,the most common types of phobias in Western society are:

A)animal phobias,environmental phobias,and situational phobias.
B)situational phobias,animal phobias,and agoraphobia.
C)animal phobias; social phobia,and specific phobias.
D)agoraphobia,social phobia,and specific phobias.

Question 44

Roger is tense and anxious almost everyday.Though he is frequently worried and often has the sense that something bad is about to happen,he can't relate his anxiety to any particular situation or setting.He has difficulty getting restful sleep at night and often takes antacids for his upset stomach.Roger would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A)social phobia.
B)an environmental or situational phobia.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 45

Because of fearing a panic attack in public,people who have panic disorder will often also develop ______________.

A)social anxiety
B)agoraphobia
C)posttraumatic stress disorder
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 46

Which of the following statements regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE?

A)Obsessions are usually triggered by external stimuli.
B)Compulsions are typically irrational.
C)Obsessions are usually very difficult if not impossible to control.
D)Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts that intrude into consciousness.

Question 47

Pat's frequent and intense fears of open and public places are out of proportion to the actual situations and are interfering with Pat's daily life.Pat's disorder most closely conforms to:

A)acrophobia.
B)social phobia.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)agoraphobia.

Question 48

A chronic state of diffuse or "free-floating" anxiety is most central to the psychological disorder called:

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)panic disorder.
C)social phobia.
D)agoraphobia.

Question 49

Every day Jillian is late for work.She leaves the house in plenty of time but a half-mile away from her home she thinks that she has left the garage door open and must drive back to close it.Jillian cannot stop thinking that the garage door is open and makes an average of three trips back to her house every morning in order to check.Jillian may be diagnosed with:

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)phobic disorder
D)panic disorder

Question 50

When Minnie was a little girl,her neighbour's pony was struck by lightning and killed.Minnie's fear of lightning increased over the years.At first she would stop whatever she was doing and go home if a storm arose.Then,she would not leave the house if it looked like a storm was brewing.When there was lightning,Minnie hid under the table in the dining room because it was sturdy.Minnie is to the point now that she will not leave her house in case it were to start lightning,even when storms are not in the forecast.What kind of problem does Minnie most likely have?

A)phobic disorder
B)panic disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)adjustment disorder

Question 51

Jason is sitting in class listening to a lecture when suddenly,for no apparent reason,he starts to become very anxious and tense.His heart begins pounding,his breathing becomes short,and he starts to sweat profusely.After a few minutes,his mind begins racing with thoughts that he might be dying.Jason randomly suffers from an attack like this about three times a month.Assuming that there is no physical abnormality that is responsible for these symptoms,Jason would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A)social phobia.
B)agoraphobia.
C)panic disorder.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 52

A professor cleans the whiteboard before every class.He goes over the board at least three times before he considers it to be clean enough.Recently he has been late starting class because he is cleaning the whiteboard more and more.He is preoccupied with thoughts that previous markings are dirty and will contaminate his notes.A psychotherapist would say that this professor's _________ are compulsive.

A)thoughts about previous markings contaminating his notes
B)thoughts about what he will teach in class
C)behaviours of cleaning the whiteboard
D)habits of starting the class late

Question 53

Panic disorder is different from generalized anxiety disorder in that with panic disorder,the feelings of anxiety are usually more intense and are ______________.

A)quite predictable
B)infrequent
C)typical
D)unpredictable

Question 54

Which of the following would be classified as part of the physiological component of anxiety?

A)thoughts about being embarrassed or humiliated
B)a feeling of the inability to cope with a situation
C)increased heart rate and sweaty palms
D)avoidance of particular social situations

Question 55

Jim often has the fear that he has left the gas stove on in his house and that because of this,his house will burn down and kill his family.As a result,he frequently checks and rechecks the knobs on his stove all day long and often in the middle of the night.In this example,Jim's thoughts about his house burning down would best be considered as an example of a(n):

A)compulsion.
B)situational phobia.
C)mania.
D)obsession.

Question 56

A is strong and intense fear that is evoked in response to a particular situation is called ______________.

A)a phobia
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)a somatoform disorder
D)panic disorder

Question 57

A key difference between generalized anxiety disorder and a phobia is that:

A)a phobia usually only includes the cognitive component of anxiety.
B)a phobia is triggered by a specific object or situation.
C)the anxiety associated with generalized anxiety disorder is significantly more intense.
D)a phobia is an Axis I disorder,while generalized anxiety disorder is an Axis II disorder.

Question 58

Annette is very afraid of germs and disease,so much so that she washes her hands over 100 times a day to make sure that she avoids infection.Usually she doesn't show much anxiety,but if she is in a place where she is unable to clean her hands,such as the wilderness,she can become very distressed and upset.Annette would most likely be diagnosed as having:

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)schizophrenia paranoid type.
C)generalized anxiety.
D)a health-related phobia.

Question 59

Sarah has an upcoming exam that may determine the direction her career will take.Her anxiety level has never been as high as it has been the last few weeks.In this case,Sarah is NOT diagnosed with an anxiety disorder because________________.

A)the frequency and intensity of the anxiety is in proportion to the perceived threat
B)the intensity of the anxiety is out of proportion to the perceived threat
C)the frequency of the anxiety is out of proportion to the perceived threat
D)the frequency and intensity of the anxiety is not a direct result of the perceived threat

Question 60

The major difference between panic disorder and phobic disorder is:

A)panic disorder lasts longer than phobic disorder
B)the anxiety associated with panic disorder is more intense than the anxiety associated with phobic disorder
C)the anxiety associated with panic disorder is not tied to a specific stimulus,thus it is more unpredictable than the anxiety associated with phobic disorder
D)recovery from panic disorder is less likely than recovery from phobic disorder

Question 61

Studies of soldiers who had been subjected to the horrors of war contributed to the naming of the psychological disorder called _____________ .

A)schizophrenia
B)posttraumatic stress disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)somatoform disorder

Question 62

Research by Lewinsohn revealed that after controlling for 11 different psychosocial factors,there was still a substantial sex difference in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women,indicating the possible role that _____________ factors may play with this disorder.

A)social
B)biological
C)cultural
D)psychological

Question 63

This area of the brain is implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)in adults but not in children:

A)thalamus
B)limbic system
C)cingulated gyrus
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 64

The explanation that a neurotic anxiety from an unconscious conflict gets displaced and associated with an external stimulus is a psychodynamic interpretation of ___________.

A)phobias
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)panic disorder

Question 65

According to Sigmund Freud,when the ego is threatened by unacceptable and potentially overwhelming impulses from the id,then ______________ anxiety occurs.

A)unconscious
B)defensive
C)repressive
D)neurotic

Question 66

Barlow and other researchers speculate that some people may have nervous systems that are overly sensitive to threat signals and may have a genetic predisposition to ____________.

A)depression
B)schizophrenia
C)anxiety
D)somatoform disorders

Question 67

Research studies suggest that there is a genetic predisposition for anxiety disorders,and it has been suggested that this vulnerability may take the form of:

A)a nervous system that overreacts to perceived threats.
B)a nervous system that under-reacts to perceived threats.
C)a chronically over-aroused nervous system.
D)a chronically under-aroused nervous system.

Question 68

Gene is a child who recently immigrated to Canada from a war-torn country where he lived in several refugee camps.Before arriving in Canada,he witnessed many atrocities and was frequently worried about his safety and the safety of his family.After immigrating,he was constantly anxious during school and suffered from frequent nightmares.A school psychologist would most likely conclude that Gene has:

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)panic disorder.
C)agoraphobia.
D)posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 69

Flashbacks in dreams and personal guilt about surviving fatal catastrophes are both common features of:

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)schizophrenia.
C)panic disorder.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 70

Anxiety scores of twins can be accounted for by genetic factors.Heritability estimates suggest that the variation is between _____________ .

A)20 and 30 percent
B)50 and 60 percent
C)40 and 50 percent
D)70 and 80 percent

Question 71

Joshua worked in the Pentagon in Washington,US and was home,sick on September 11,2001.Due to the severe damage of the terrorist attack,if Joshua had been in his office that day he would have been killed and in fact all of his coworkers perished that day.Joshua kept his feelings to himself and stayed strong in order to help the families of his friends and coworkers.Although offered immediate counseling,for __________ Josh refused to admit he needed help.

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)posttraumatic stress disorder
C)exhaustion
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 72

When attempting to understand the causes of anxiety disorders,the perspective that emphasizes the tendency to catastrophize about situational demands and magnify them into significant threats is the _________________ perspective.

A)cognitive
B)behavioural
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Question 73

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men,and theorists speculate that this difference is most likely due ______________ factors.

A)to an interaction between personal,biological,and social
B)to primarily biological
C)to primarily environmental
D)to an interaction between biological and social

Question 74

Jola has developed a compulsion to rip paper.She has started saving all of the newspapers just so she will have something to shred.The model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)that is most likely to explain her behaviour is:

A)executive dysfunction
B)inhibitory control
C)modulatory control
D)environmental

Question 75

All but one of the following areas of the brain has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

A)cingulate gyrus
B)medial sulcus
C)orbitofrontal cortex
D)thalamus

Question 76

Alice has been recently diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.Alice was recently reunited with her identical twin who was adopted at birth and raised in a different environment.Alice is relieved that her sister at least will NOT be susceptible to this disorder.Alice is:

A)correct,as identical twins are not similar to each other on anxiety measures when reared apart
B)incorrect,as identical twins are more similar to each other on anxiety measures when reared apart than when reared together
C)incorrect,as identical twins are similar to each other on anxiety measures whether reared together or apart
D)incorrect,as identical twins are identical to each other on anxiety measures only when reared apart

Question 77

Freidlander and Desrocher argue that modulatory control is to obsessions as ______ is to compulsions.

A)inhibitory control
B)response
C)executive dysfunction
D)heredity

Question 78

Compulsions are often behavioural responses to cognitive obsessions and function to reduce the anxiety associated with _____________.

A)panic attacks
B)hysterical outbursts
C)obsessions
D)nervous breakdowns

Question 79

Regarding potential biological processes associated with anxiety disorders,some researchers believe that some people have highly reactive nervous systems that quickly produce anxiety responses to environmental stressors.The people may have abnormally low levels of the ____________transmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)activity in the amygdala.

A)aroused
B)inhibitory
C)excitatory
D)abnormal

Question 80

Studies suggest that people suffering from anxiety disorders may be overly sensitive to signals of threat and have lower levels of ________ in their nervous systems.

A)dopamine
B)lactic acid
C)serotonin
D)gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)