Deck 2: Chemistry of Life

Question 1

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
What distinguishes elements from compounds?

A) Elements can be broken down into two or more compounds.
B) Elements have only one kind of atom.
C) Elements do not combine with compounds.
D) Elements do not react with other elements.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Why do atoms lose, gain, or share electrons?

A) To release energy
B) To obtain stability
C) To increase bonding
D) To form compounds

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Where are protons and neutrons located?

A) Protons and neutrons orbit the nucleus in one or more concentric clouds.
B) Protons orbit the nucleus in a cloud, and neutrons reside in the nucleus.
C) Protons and neutrons both reside in the nucleus.
D) Neutrons orbit the nucleus in a cloud, whereas protons reside in the nucleus.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Which four elements make up more than 96% of the human body?

A) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and iron
B) Carbon, hydrogen, calcium, and oxygen
C) Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sodium
D) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Question 5

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Atom with a negative charge

Question 6

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Stored form of sugar in the human body

Question 7

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Having oppositely charged ends

Question 8

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Electrons are found

A) orbiting around the nucleus in circular paths.
B) moving around the nucleus in concentric clouds.
C) in individual clouds (one electron per cloud) that orbit the nucleus.
D) in fixed positions on the rings that surround the nucleus.

Question 9

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
What differentiates one element from another?

A) The number of shells encircling the nucleus
B) The number of electrons
C) The number of neutrons
D) The number of protons

Question 10

Which statement about isotopes is true?

A) Each isotope of an element has chemical properties that differ from those of other isotopes of the same element.
B) Isotopes of an element have different numbers of protons.
C) Some isotopes are unstable and decay.
D) All isotopes emit radiation.

Question 11

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
NH₃ molecule

Question 12

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
An atom is stable when the outer shell contains how many electrons?

A) Four
B) Six
C) Eight
D) Twelve

Question 13

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Positively charged atomic particle

Question 14

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
What are the electrons in the outer energy level (shell) called?

A) Covalent electrons
B) Bonding electrons
C) Valence electrons
D) Ionic electrons

Question 15

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Substances that donate or remove H⁺ ions

Question 16

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
COOH molecule

Question 17

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Atom with a positive charge

Question 18

Which element makes up the greatest percentage of the body's weight?

A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen

Question 19

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Substance that enhances the rate of a chemical reaction

Question 20

Match each term to its definition or characteristic.
a.galactose
k.catalyst
b.electron
l.polar
c.radioactivity
m.buffer
d.proton
n.anion
e.amino group
o.enzymes
f.glucose
p.matter
g.compounds
q.neutron
h.carboxyl group
r.atomic weight
i.cation
s.fructose
j.glycogen
Primary source of energy used by most of the body's cells

Question 21

Which statement about acids is correct?

A) The greater the percentage of nitrogen, the stronger the acid
B) The greater the concentration of OH^- ions, the stronger the acid
C) The greater the concentration of H⁺ ions, the stronger the acid
D) The greater the percentage of water, the weaker the acid

Question 22

Covalent bonds form when

A) positively charged hydrogen atoms attract negatively charged atoms.
B) electrostatic forces bring atoms together to form a new molecule.
C) two atoms share electrons to fill their outer shells.
D) a nitrogen atom combines with a carbon atom.

Question 23

Metabolism is

A) the breakdown of food in the digestive tract.
B) the creation of complex molecules from smaller units.
C) all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
D) the chemical processes performed by the liver.

Question 24

What makes atoms electrically neutral?

A) An equal number of protons and electrons
B) The formation of ionic bonds
C) An equal number of electrons and neutrons
D) Neutrons, which neutralize the electrically charged protons and electrons

Question 25

What is the normal pH of human blood? Is it acidic, alkaline, or neutral?

A) 7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline
B) 7.5 to 7.9, alkaline
C) 6.5 to 6.75, slightly acidic
D) 7.0, neutral

Question 26

Electrons moving around a nucleus is an example of

A) potential energy.
B) kinetic energy.
C) electrical energy.
D) radiant energy.

Question 27

The four main organic compounds in the human body are

A) carbohydrates, bile acids, lipids, and proteins.
B) carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.
C) calcium carbonate, protein, carbohydrates, and hemoglobin.
D) hemoglobin, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and protein.

Question 28

Transfer of electrons from an atom of one element to an atom of another element results in

A) a covalent bond.
B) an ionic bond
C) a hydrogen bond.
D) one unstable atom and one stable atom.

Question 29

How do water molecules form, and what factors create water's hydrogen bond?

A) Each of two hydrogen atoms donates its electron to an oxygen atom to fill its outer shell. This forms two hydrogen anions and one oxygen cation. The larger oxygen cation attracts the two hydrogen anions, forming two attachments called hydrogen bonds and creating the neutral water molecule.
B) Two hydrogen atoms covalently bond to an oxygen atom. This forms a water molecule that is weakly positive on the hydrogen side and weakly negative on the oxygen side. These opposing charges form a mild attachment to other water molecules called a hydrogen bond.
C) The single electron on the shell of a hydrogen atom bonds covalently to another hydrogen atom to complete both outer shells. This H₂ molecule now has two weakly positive ends, which attract a weakly negative oxygen atom. This attachment is the hydrogen bond and forms the water molecule.
D) The electrons of two hydrogen atoms form ionic bonds with an oxygen atom, forming a water molecule with four free electrons on the oxygen side. The hydrogen side has a strong positive charge because the single protons are no longer countered by their electrons. The oxygen side is negatively charged because it now has more electrons than protons. The positively charged hydrogen side of one water molecule attracts the negatively charged oxygen side of another water molecule. Each hydrogen atom forms a weak attachment with two of an oxygen atom's remaining electrons. These are the hydrogen bonds.

Question 30

Acidity or alkalinity is determined using the

A) Kelvin scale.
B) acid test.
C) pH scale.
D) anion test.

Question 31

In general, what type of process is wound healing and what are the implications from the standpoint of energy?

A) It is an anabolic process that releases energy.
B) It is an anabolic process that requires energy.
C) It is a catabolic process that releases energy.
D) It is a catabolic process that requires energy.

Question 32

Which statement relates best to why water is so important to the human body?

A) The average adult human body is about 60% water.
B) Water is needed for most chemical reactions to take place.
C) All the cells in the body are surrounded by water.
D) Water lubricates many body tissues.

Question 33

What causes an atom to emit radiation?

A) The electron cloud emits small amounts of radiation as the electrons accelerate.
B) Unstable isotopes emit radiation as they decay.
C) Atoms emit radiation when covalent bonds break down.
D) Atoms emit radiation when ionic bonds break down.

Question 34

Which factor differentiates one element from another?

A) The number of neutrons
B) The number of protons
C) The type of bonds formed by the atoms of the element
D) The number of energy levels in the electron cloud

Question 35

Particles will separate out of a

A) solution.
B) colloid.
C) suspension.
D) mixture.

Question 36

How do mixtures differ from compounds?

A) Mixtures are new substances with properties unlike the properties of the elements in the mix.
B) Mixtures are either liquid or solid, whereas compounds are solid, liquid, or gas.
C) Mixtures are not combined chemically.
D) Mixtures cannot be separated by physical means, such as filtering.

Question 37

Which type of chemical reaction allows the body to create new proteins?

A) Exchange
B) Decomposition
C) Synthesis
D) Fusion

Question 38

Based on your understanding of catabolism, what does it means when a person is in a catabolic state?

A) The person has an excess of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
B) The person is suffering from malnutrition and breaking down body tissues for fuel.
C) The person has a high degree of energy because of the breakdown of chemical bonds.
D) The person is still growing and requires energy to do so.

Question 39

Adding or removing electrons from an atom results in the formation of a(n)

A) isotope.
B) different element.
C) ion.
D) change in the atom's atomic weight.

Question 40

Which element differentiates organic compounds from inorganic compounds?

A) Oxygen
B) Hydrogen
C) Carbon
D) Nitrogen

Question 41

A peptide bond forms when

A) an R group links to an amino group.
B) amino groups link together to form folds or spirals.
C) a water group links to an amino group.
D) an amino group links to a carboxyl group.

Question 42

Which lipid is a concentrated source of energy for the body?

A) Phospholipids
B) Triglycerides
C) Steroids
D) Cholesterol

Question 43

Nucleic acids and nucleotides form

A) proteins.
B) fatty acids.
C) DNA and RNA.
D) amino acids.

Question 44

Why are some amino acids called essential?

A) They are essential for making bones and teeth.
B) They make enzymes essential for the breakdown of food.
C) They must be obtained from outside sources.
D) The body must manufacture them.

Question 45

Which compound is the body's main energy source?

A) Protein
B) Carbohydrates
C) Fats
D) Enzymes

Question 46

Carbohydrates are categorized by

A) their electrical charge.
B) what type of bonds they contain.
C) what food type they come from, for example, fruit or dairy.
D) the length of their carbon chain.

Question 47

What molecular configuration is necessary for a fat to be unsaturated?

A) Every other carbon forms a single bond with hydrogen.
B) The hydrocarbon chain contains all single covalent bonds.
C) A carboxyl group bonds to the hydrocarbon chain.
D) The hydrocarbon chain contains at least one double bond.

Question 48

Which type of carbohydrate provides the body with the most steady supply of energy and why?

A) Monosaccharides, because they break down quickly
B) Disaccharides, because they contain two sugar units bonded together
C) Polysaccharides, because their multiple bonds take longer to break down
D) Fatty saccharides, because fat slows digestion

Question 49

Amino acids link together through

A) protein bonds.
B) peptide bonds.
C) ionic bonds.
D) hydrogen bonds.

Question 50

A sequence of amino acids in a chain is called the

A) carboxyl group.
B) primary structure.
C) polypeptide bond.
D) amino group.

Question 51

How do cells obtain energy?

A) Energy is made in the liver and released into the blood for the cells to use.
B) Cells break down protein molecules.
C) Energy stored as fat is released into the blood.
D) Cells break bonds in ATP molecules.

Question 52

The basic building block of a protein molecule is

A) a carboxyl group.
B) a nitrogen atom.
C) an amino acid.
D) an R group.