Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by the body's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst to a state of balance is ________ theory.

A) needs
B) homeostatis
C) disequilibrium
D) drive-reduction

Answer 1

drive-reduction

Question 2

Human behavior is ________ rigid, unchanging, inflexible, and found throughout the species.

A) never
B) rarely
C) always
D) usually

Answer 2

rarely

Question 3

Which of the following does not support drive-reduction theory?

A) going to sleep when you are tired
B) getting some food when you are hungry
C) going jogging when you are bored
D) getting something to drink when you are thirsty

Answer 3

going jogging when you are bored

Question 4

Some psychologists believe that behavior is motivated by the body's attempts to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively, or ________.

A) acquiescence
B) homeostasis
C) propinquity
D) reciprocity

Question 5

Hugh has such a strong need to bolster his fragile self-esteem that he engages in dangerously promiscuous behavior. Hugh's need to bolster his self-esteem is a(n) ________.

A) motive
B) action
C) incentive
D) cue

Question 6

Which statement about motivation is not true?

A) Two people motivated by the same factor may satisfy the motive through different means.
B) A motive energizes and directs behavior.
C) The same motivation or emotion always results in the same action or behavior.
D) We do not have to be aware of motivational processes.

Question 7

Primary drives are ________.

A) influenced by stimuli outside the body
B) learned
C) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
D) based on a physiological state

Question 8

Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of ________ drives.

A) secondary
B) internalized
C) reduction
D) primary

Question 9

Both motives and emotions move us toward some ________.

A) incentive
B) stimulus
C) action
D) equilibrium

Question 10

A specific need or desire that arouses an organism and directs its behavior toward a goal is known as a(n) ________.

A) incentive
B) stimulus
C) motive
D) behavior

Question 11

________ significant human behavior is ________.

A) All; learned
B) Most; inborn
C) Most; learned
D) All; inborn

Question 12

Hunger and thirst are examples of ________.

A) incentives
B) instincts
C) motives
D) drives

Question 13

Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species is called a(n) ________.

A) motive
B) incentive
C) drive
D) instinct

Question 14

The experience of feelings is known as a(n) ________.

A) stimulus
B) emotion
C) motive
D) cue

Question 15

Primary drives are ________.

A) produced by external incentives
B) unlearned
C) learned
D) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle

Question 16

In the early 20th century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ________.

A) instincts
B) emotions
C) learned responses
D) incentives

Question 17

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of ________.

A) needs
B) incentives
C) motives
D) instinct

Question 18

Which statement about motivation is true?

A) We are always aware of motivational processes.
B) Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.
C) Different motives always lead to different behaviors.
D) A motive energizes and directs behavior.

Question 19

The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ________.

A) drive
B) emotion
C) impulse
D) instinct

Question 20

Which of the following is not a primary drive?

A) thirst
B) sex
C) curiosity
D) hunger

Question 21

A desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual is known as ________ motivation.

A) secondary
B) intrinsic
C) primary
D) extrinsic

Question 22

Extremely stimulating activities such as sky-diving, bungee jumping, and hang gliding are ________.

A) well explained by both arousal theory and drive-reduction theory
B) well explained by arousal theory but not drive-reduction theory
C) well explained by drive-reduction theory but not arousal theory
D) not well explained by either drive-reduction theory or arousal theory

Question 23

The Yerkes-Dodson Law states ________.

A) organisms seek to reduce arousal and maintain homeostasis
B) that intrinsic motivation is more powerful than intrinsic motivation
C) there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance of any task
D) extrinsic motivation is more powerful than intrinsic motivation

Question 24

Which of the following is true?

A) Behavior is almost always motivated to maintain the current level of arousal.
B) Sometimes behavior is motivated to increase arousal, while other times it is motivated to reduce arousal.
C) Behavior is almost always motivated to reduce arousal.
D) Behavior is almost always motivated to increase arousal.

Question 25

Which of the following is a primary drive?

A) curiosity
B) achievement
C) introspection
D) sex

Question 26

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, lower levels of arousal ________.

A) are best when performing simple tasks
B) are best when performing complex tasks
C) are best for performing all tasks, whether simple or complex
D) always disrupt performance of a task.

Question 27

Which of the following is not a secondary drive?

A) a drive for high levels of achievement
B) a drive for sexual activity
C) a drive for great wealth
D) a drive to be successful in school

Question 28

Primary drives are found in ________.

A) most animals except primates
B) only mammals
C) only reptiles and fish
D) all animals

Question 29

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, higher levels of arousal ________.

A) are best when performing complex tasks
B) are best for performing all tasks, whether simple or complex
C) always disrupt performance of a task
D) are best when performing simple tasks

Question 30

Physiologically-based drives that are unlearned are called ________ drives.

A) primary
B) tertiary
C) reflexive
D) secondary

Question 31

A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as ________ motivation.

A) primary
B) extrinsic
C) intrinsic
D) secondary

Question 32

Behavior such as skydiving is best explained by ________.

A) a motive for sensation seeking
B) a motive for homeostasis
C) drive reduction theory
D) arousal theory

Question 33

Drives that are acquired through learning are called ________ drives.

A) reflexive
B) tertiary
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 34

The idea that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance of any task, and the more complex the task, the lower the level of optimal arousal, is ________.

A) the Law of Effect
B) the Law of Diminishing Returns
C) Weber's Law
D) the Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 35

Which of the following is least well explained by arousal theory?

A) going for a walk
B) playing a computer game
C) skydiving
D) watching television

Question 36

The person who climbs a mountain "because it is there" and is not interested in fame or fortune is responding to ________ motivation.

A) primary
B) extrinsic
C) intrinsic
D) secondary

Question 37

The drive to become famous and accumulate great power is a ________ drive.

A) secondary
B) reflexive
C) primary
D) tertiary

Question 38

Each of the following is true of high sensation seekers when compared to low sensation seekers except they are more likely ________.

A) engage in unsafe driving.
B) to be classified as aggressive in school
C) to have more sexual partners and engage in more varied and dangerous sexual activities
D) to smoke, drink heavily and use illicit drugs

Question 39

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Objects in the environment can motivate behavior.
B) Organisms generally seek to maintain an optimum state of arousal.
C) Drive reduction does not explain all motivated behavior.
D) All behaviors seem to be triggered by internal states.

Question 40

The theory of motivation that proposes that organisms seek an optimum level of stimulation is ________ theory.

A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) instinct
D) the hierarchy of needs

Question 41

According to Maslow, the highest level on the hierarchy of needs is ________.

A) physiological needs
B) esteem
C) intellectual needs
D) self-actualization

Question 42

Positive feedback, including praise, ________.

A) may actually increase intrinsic motivation
B) dramatically reduces intrinsic motivation
C) has no effect on intrinsic motivation
D) slightly reduces intrinsic motivation

Question 43

Horse meat is very popular in ________.

A) America
B) Europe
C) Asia
D) Africa

Question 44

According to Maslow's theory, higher motives emerge ________.

A) before any other needs emerge
B) unpredictably, depending on the situation
C) simultaneously with more basic needs
D) only after more basic ones have been satisfied

Question 45

Hunger is stimulated by ________ cues. Thirst is stimulated by ________ cues.

A) internal; external
B) internal and external; internal and external
C) external; internal and external
D) internal and external; internal

Question 46

Fat cells in our body produce ________, which travels in the bloodstream, and high levels of it signal the brain to reduce appetite, or to increase the rate at which fat is burned.

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) glycerol
D) glucose

Question 47

The student who completes a project in school hoping to get first prize in a competition is responding to ________ motivation.

A) secondary
B) extrinsic
C) primary
D) intrinsic

Question 48

The correct sequential order of Maslow's hierarchy of motives from the most primitive to the most complex and human is ________.

A) safety, physiological, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
B) physiological, esteem, safety, belongingness, self-actualization
C) physiological, esteem, self-actualization, safety, belongingness
D) physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

Question 49

Which of the following proposed a hierarchy of motives?

A) Freud
B) Maslow
C) Skinner
D) Horner

Question 50

A hormone produced in the stomach and small intestines that increases appetite is ________.

A) insulin
B) glycerol
C) ghrelin
D) leptin

Question 51

According to Maslow, lower motives spring from ________.

A) bodily needs that must be satisfied
B) needs for spiritual and intellectual development
C) social needs that must be satisfied
D) needs for self-actualization

Question 52

The correct sequential order of Maslow's hierarchy of motives from most complex and human to most primitive is ________.

A) self-actualization, belongingness, safety, esteem, physiological
B) belongingness, self-actualization, esteem, physiological, safety
C) self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety, physiological
D) self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, physiological, safety

Question 53

When people are offered extrinsic rewards for a behavior, intrinsic motivation and a sense of personal responsibility for that behavior are ________.

A) likely to increase
B) likely to remain unchanged
C) impossible to predict
D) likely to decrease

Question 54

The motive of self-actualization makes one want to ________.

A) have frequent contact with others
B) fulfill one's inborn potential
C) convince others of one's true worth
D) possess as many material goods as possible

Question 55

Unexpected rewards ________.

A) reduce intrinsic motivation, but not as much as contractual rewards
B) reduce intrinsic motivation as much as contractual rewards
C) reduce intrinsic motivation even more than contractual rewards
D) do not necessarily reduce intrinsic motivation

Question 56

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that keeps glucose levels balanced is ________.

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) insulin
D) glycerol

Question 57

Which of the following does not show the motivating power of self-actualization?

A) Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
B) Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive.
C) Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
D) Barbara knows that as a teacher, she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.

Question 58

Located in the __________ are two regions that serve as "on and off" switches for eating behaviors.

A) temporal lobes
B) frontal lobes
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Question 59

Thirst is monitored by ________ regulators that monitor the level of fluids inside and outside the cells.

A) five
B) four
C) three
D) two

Question 60

The brain measures hunger satiety by measuring the level of ________ in the blood.

A) glucose
B) cholesterol
C) lipoproteins
D) insulin

Question 61

Each of the following is a criterion used for diagnosing bulimia except ________.

A) body shape and weight excessively influence the person's self-image
B) refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height
C) recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain
D) recurrent episodes of binge eating

Question 62

Which of the following females is most likely to develop bulimia?

A) a lower-class female who is a college graduate
B) a lower-class female high school dropout
C) an upper-middle class female high school graduate who is attending college
D) a middle-class male who is trying to make his high-school wrestling team.

Question 63

Each of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa except ________.

A) intense fear of becoming obese, which does not diminish as weight loss progresses
B) refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimal normal weight for height and age
C) recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging of the foods just eaten
D) disturbance of body image, such as "feeling fat" even when emaciated

Question 64

The mere aroma of food ________.

A) serves as an incentive to eat and arouses the primary drive of hunger
B) has little or no affect, by itself, in arousing hunger
C) arouses the primary drive of hunger, although it does not serve as an incentive to eat
D) serves as an incentive to eat, but does not arouse the primary drive of hunger

Question 65

Muscle dysmorphia is ________.

A) characterized by excessive cramping of the muscles when exercising
B) an obsessive concern with one's muscle size
C) characterized by excessively large but weak striated muscles
D) a steady and uncontrollable deterioration of muscle mass in young adulthood

Question 66

A serious eating disorder that is associated with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image is called ________.

A) anorexia nervosa
B) Huntington's chorea
C) bulimia
D) Karposi's anemia

Question 67

About ________ percent of all adolescent females suffer from bulimia nervosa.

A) 1 to 2
B) 12 to 15
C) 8 to 10
D) 4 to 6

Question 68

Each of the following is true of eating disorders except ________.

A) there is evidence that genetics plays a role in the development of an eating disorder
B) they are relatively easy to treat, once diagnosed
C) they are much more common among females than males
D) media emphasis on weight causes many women to overestimate their body size

Question 69

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from ________.

A) bulimia nervosa
B) Karposi's anemia
C) anorexia nervosa
D) Huntington's chorea

Question 70

The way in which a person responds when hungry ________.

A) is consistent across cultures
B) varies directly with the age of the individual
C) is entirely dependent on internal drives
D) varies with each individual's social conditioning

Question 71

Approximately ________ percent of all adolescents suffer from anorexia nervosa.

A) 5
B) 1
C) 3
D) 7

Question 72

Eating which of the following violates both Islamic and Jewish dietary laws?

A) dog meat
B) lamb
C) horse meat
D) pork

Question 73

Women with bulimia nervosa typically are characterized by each of the following except ________.

A) lowered self-esteem and depression
B) engaging in self-injurious behaviors
C) problem drinking and drug use
D) hypersensitivity to social interactions

Question 74

Muscular dysmorphia has been increasing particularly among ________.

A) older men
B) young women
C) young men
D) older women

Question 75

The mere sight, smell, or thought of food causes ________ in insulin production and ________ in glucose levels in the body's cells.

A) decreases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 76

Which of the following people is least likely to develop bulimia?

A) an upper-class female attending a state university where dating is not emphasized
B) a lower-class female who does not attend college
C) a middle-class female attending a community college where dating is emphasized
D) an upper-class female attending an elite private college where dating is not emphasized

Question 77

George spends an inordinate amount of time working out at his health club. Despite the fact that he is already well-muscled, he constantly frets and worries that he is too "puny" and not "manly" enough. His behavior is typical of someone with ________.

A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) muscle dysmorphia
C) bulimia nervosa
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 78

About 90 percent of those suffering from anorexia nervosa are ________.

A) upper- or middle-class females
B) lower- or middle-class females
C) lower- or middle-class males
D) upper- or middle-class males

Question 79

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa?

A) an upper-class black female
B) a middle-class black female
C) an upper-class white female
D) a lower-class white female

Question 80

Each of the following except ________ affects hunger.

A) cholesterol level
B) being sleep deprived
C) looking at the clock
D) your emotional state