Deck 7: Cognition and Mental Abilities

Question 1

The two main components of grammar are ________.

A) prototype construction and linguistic relativity
B) semantics and syntax
C) phonemes and morphemes
D) top-down processing and bottom-up processing

Answer 1

semantics and syntax

Question 2

The smallest meaningful units in a language are ________.

A) processors
B) semantics
C) phonemes
D) morphemes

Answer 2

morphemes

Question 3

The sounds of "t," "th," and "k" are ________.

A) morphemes
B) phonemes
C) sound bytes
D) semantics

Answer 3

phonemes

Question 4

The process whereby we acquire and apply information is known as ________.

A) intelligence
B) learning
C) cognition
D) perception

Question 5

The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form meaningful phrases and sentences is called ________.

A) phonology
B) morphology
C) semantics
D) syntax

Question 6

The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ________.

A) phonology
B) semantics
C) syntax
D) regularization

Question 7

The language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ________.

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) grammar
D) linguistic relativity

Question 8

Language is a flexible system of ________ that enables us to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

A) sets
B) icons
C) echoes
D) symbols

Question 9

Spoken language is based on units of sound units called ________.

A) morphemes
B) registers
C) phonemes
D) semantics

Question 10

Prefixes, suffixes, and words are examples of ________.

A) phonemes
B) semantics
C) morphemes
D) subjugations

Question 11

Which of the following is true?

A) Only humans and other primates communicate with each other.
B) Only humans, primates, and other mammals communicate with each other.
C) Only humans communicate with each other.
D) All animals communicate with each other.

Question 12

The three most important building blocks of thought are ________.

A) language, images, and concepts
B) cognitions, feelings, and language
C) concepts, algorithms, and heuristics
D) semantics, phonemes, and morphemes

Question 13

By themselves, phonemes are ________.

A) syntactical
B) units of prototypes
C) units of meaning
D) meaningless

Question 14

Phonemes are grouped together to form ________.

A) registers
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) sound bytes

Question 15

The basic sound units of any language are called ________.

A) phonemes
B) semantics
C) morphemes
D) sound bytes

Question 16

Which of the following would be considered a phoneme?

A) "B"
B) "Book at the look" (instead of "Look at the book")
C) "I missed my mife (wife)"
D) "Dog"

Question 17

Morphemes are ________.

A) the smallest meaningful units of language
B) words and phrases with both surface and deep-structure
C) universal sound units on which language is based
D) sensory images used in thinking

Question 18

There is a rule in the English language that adjectives come before nouns. This rule is an example of ________.

A) phonetic fluidity
B) linguistic relativity
C) syntax
D) semantics

Question 19

Which of the following is true of language?

A) Language is found in almost all mammals, but not non-mammals.
B) Language is a unique human ability.
C) Language of some form is found in almost all animal species.
D) Language is unique to humans and other primates.

Question 20

A uniquely human capability that may separate us from all other animals is ________.

A) problem solving
B) color vision
C) language
D) emotion

Question 21

"John will study hard for his next exam." "For his next test, John will prepare very studiously." "John will devote all his studying to the next exam." These three sentences all exhibit the same ________.

A) linguistic universals
B) deep structure
C) linguistic relativity
D) surface structure

Question 22

Most concepts that people use in thinking ________.

A) allow them to generalize but not to think abstractly
B) accurately account for critical differences among various images
C) are fuzzy and overlap with one another
D) depend on the capacity of short-term memory

Question 23

Jane's first child was born a month ago, and like many other new mothers, she often exclaims that she had no idea that an infant could be so much work. Which of the following is true?

A) Jane can no longer think about an infant abstractly.
B) Jane's concept of an infant is not currently modifiable.
C) Jane's concept of an infant has been modified.
D) Jane is applying the language relativity hypothesis.

Question 24

The best or most typical model of a concept is called a(n) ________.

A) prototype
B) phoneme
C) exclusive representation
D) image

Question 25

An image is a ________.

A) mental category for classifying specific people, places, or events
B) mental representation of a sensory experience
C) conceptual prototype
D) way of grouping experiences so that each new perception is not surprising

Question 26

When you wish to communicate an idea, you start with a thought, then choose words and phrases that will express the idea, and finally produce the speech sounds that make up those words and phrases. This is what Chomsky calls a(n) ________.

A) transformation
B) interpolation
C) heuristic
D) transaction

Question 27

"Sue will have the apple." "Sue will halve the apple." These two sentences exhibit similar ________.

A) deep structure
B) linguistic relativity
C) surface structure
D) complex morphemes

Question 28

A mental representation of a sensory experience is known as a(n) ________.

A) cognition
B) concept
C) heuristic
D) image

Question 29

The particular words and phrases that make up a sentence are its ________ structure.

A) simple
B) surface
C) complex
D) deep

Question 30

Which of the following best represents the way people use concepts in thinking?

A) They recollect a sensory experience and manipulate its components.
B) They employ exclusive representations to eliminate cognitive style.
C) They alternate concepts' deep structures with their surface structures.
D) They construct a representative prototype and compare new experiences to it.

Question 31

Before Jane enrolled in a college course on introductory psychology, she thought the study of psychology was the study of how unconscious needs and desires affect our actions. Now that she is almost halfway through the course and she has studied the same areas your text has covered, ________.

A) her image of psychology has changed
B) she no longer thinks about psychology abstractly
C) her concept of psychology has changed
D) her concept of psychology is not currently modifiable

Question 32

Ralph cannot generate an accurate list of critical differences between mice and rats, but he can still use the concepts of mice and rats in his thinking. This is because he has ________.

A) confused the concepts of rats and mice
B) developed phonemes for rats and mice
C) developed prototypes for rats and mice
D) developed morphemes for rats and mice

Question 33

The underlying meaning of a sentence is its ________ structure.

A) deep
B) complex
C) simple
D) surface

Question 34

Use of a pie chart, in which each item receives a piece of the pie according to its percentage of total budget, is an example of a(n) ________.

A) image
B) concept
C) algorithm
D) classification prototype

Question 35

Jack had never met a professor before he went to college. However, from what he had heard, he developed a mental image of all professors being male, absent-minded, middle -aged, wearing glasses and tweed sports jackets, smoking a pipe, and speaking with a British accent. This mental image is best described as a(n) ________.

A) compensatory model
B) concept
C) algorithm
D) heuristic

Question 36

A mental model containing the most typical features of a concept is called a(n) ________.

A) prototype
B) compensatory model
C) stereotype
D) algorithm

Question 37

When you wish to understand a sentence, you must start with listening to the speech sounds that make up the words and phrases, decipher the meaning of each of the words and phrases, and eventually interpret the idea conveyed by the sentence. This is sometimes called a(n) ________.

A) transaction
B) heuristic
C) interpolation
D) transformation

Question 38

When a person thinks of a concept such as "bird," the person usually ________.

A) constructs a mental list of key attributes of a bird
B) has to identify the particular type of bird before a concept of a bird can be generated
C) thinks of a prototype of a bird
D) eliminates all of the attributes of being a nonbird

Question 39

Mental categories for classifying specific objects, people, and experiences are known as ________.

A) evaluations
B) images
C) reflections
D) concepts

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Basic concepts do not change over time.
B) Concepts give meaning to new experiences.
C) Concepts and images are basically synonymous.
D) We form new concepts for each new experience.

Question 41

Using the criteria of meaningfulness, displacement, and productivity, ________.

A) only mammals and birds have their own language
B) only other mammals have their own language
C) no other species has its own language
D) most other species have their own language

Question 42

By age 5, human children have a vocabulary of between ________ words.

A) 100 and 500
B) 500 and 900
C) 1,000 and 5,000
D) 5,000 and 10,000

Question 43

Researchers have found that ________ influenced by culture.

A) language, but not thought, is
B) thought, but not language, is
C) both language and thought are
D) neither language nor thought are

Question 44

Each of the following is a criticism of the linguistic relativity hypothesis except ________.

A) something must occur before a word for that thing can be developed
B) people can think about things for which they have no words in their language
C) people's thoughts are probably limited by the words in their language
D) the need to think about things differently changes a language rather than vice versa

Question 45

Non-human animals communicate primarily through ________.

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) images
D) signs

Question 46

The originator of the linguistic relativity hypothesis is ________.

A) Chomsky
B) Skinner
C) Whorf
D) Lenneberg

Question 47

According to your text, each of the following is a distinguishing feature of language except ________.

A) productivity
B) displacement
C) meaningfulness
D) novelty

Question 48

Researchers who taught a gorilla named Koko to use sign language found that by age 5, she had a vocabulary of about ________ words.

A) 100
B) 500
C) 1,000
D) 5,000

Question 49

Hyde's research found that female workers were likely to be rated least positively when the term ________ was used to describe workers in general.

A) "they"
B) "he or she"
C) "she"
D) "he"

Question 50

Which of the following is not true of language?

A) Language reflects and organizes people's thoughts.
B) Language is closely related to the expression and understanding of thoughts.
C) Language captures only some of the experiences of the people who speak it.
D) People cannot think about things for which they have no words in their language.

Question 51

A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi must interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based upon ________.

A) bottom-up processing
B) deep structure elaboration
C) idealized prototype construct
D) the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 52

Which of the following experimental results best refutes the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A) Members of a primitive tribe who were asked to perform a task using top-down processing completed it more quickly than those using bottom-up processing.
B) Members of a primitive tribe whose language has no words for colors could still think about a wide variety of colors.
C) People who had to rotate a consonant 90 degrees to compare it to a prototype recognized it more quickly than people who had to rotate it 180 degrees.
D) People retrieved the word "brown" faster than "muddy brown."

Question 53

Researchers who taught a gorilla named Koko to use sign language found that through age 5 her vocabulary was ________ the spoken vocabulary of a human 5-year-old and was ________ than the vocabulary of a deaf 5-year-old child using sign language.

A) smaller than; larger than
B) smaller than; about the same as
C) about the same as; larger than
D) smaller than; smaller than

Question 54

In a recent study that required men and women to respond to gender-neutral and gender- specific pronouns, ________ responded more quickly to stimuli that contained traditional gender stereotypes than to stimuli that contained nontraditional stereotypes.

A) men, but not women
B) women, but not men
C) both women and men
D) neither men nor women

Question 55

Hyde's research found that female workers were likely to be rated most positively when the term ________ was used to describe workers in general.

A) "she"
B) "they"
C) "he"
D) "he or she"

Question 56

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ________.

A) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence
B) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand
C) one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
D) one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language

Question 57

Stereotyped communications about an animal's current state are called ________.

A) phonemes
B) semantics
C) morphemes
D) signs

Question 58

The belief that thought and experience are determined by language is known as linguistic ________.

A) objecticism
B) determinism
C) absolutism
D) exclusivity

Question 59

According to Whorf, language affects ________.

A) how we think, but not what we think about
B) what we think about but not how we think
C) neither how we think nor what we think about
D) how we think and what we think about

Question 60

Honeybees communicate through the use of ________.

A) the sounds made by vibrating their wings
B) their stingers, to touch other bees in the hive
C) pheromones
D) an intricate waggle dance

Question 61

Human infants first demonstrate mirror-recognition at ________ months of age.

A) 1 to 6
B) 6 to 12
C) 12 to 18
D) 18 to 24

Question 62

Trial and error ________.

A) works best when there are many ambiguous choices
B) works best when there are many unambiguous choices
C) works best when there are only a limited number of choices
D) is never the best way to solve problems

Question 63

The first step in solving a problem is called ________.

A) image construction
B) problem representation
C) developing a prototype
D) developing a heuristic

Question 64

Belinda sits down to take a psychology test and finds that it is a multiple-choice test. What type of thinking will be necessary for her to do well on the test?

A) convergent thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) circular thinking
D) functional thinking

Question 65

Each of the following statements is true except ________.

A) the ability of some primates to use signs to refer to an object is proof of their mastery of human-like language
B) apes can develop vocabularies of hundreds of words using sign language and computer keyboards
C) at best, apes have reached the linguistic levels of a human child around age 2 to 2 ½
D) chimps can learn signs without extensive training or rewards from human trainers

Question 66

Belinda sits down to take a psychology test and finds that it is an essay test requiring creative writing to construct hypothetical situations. What type of thinking will be most important to her to do well on the test?

A) functional thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) convergent thinking
D) circular thinking

Question 67

The mirror test with animals has been used primarily to test for ________.

A) light sensitivity
B) depth perception
C) visual acuity
D) self-awareness

Question 68

In the mirror test, which of the following animals is the only one that showed signs of self-recognition and awareness?

A) dogs
B) orangutans
C) parrots
D) rats

Question 69

Apes have been ________.

A) able to reach the linguistic skills of human adolescents
B) able to reach the linguistic skills of a 9- to 10-year-old child
C) unable to learn even the most simple linguistic skills, even with extensive formal training
D) able to reach the linguistic skills of a 2- to 2-1/2-year-old child

Question 70

Creative problem solving typically involves ________.

A) logic
B) divergent thinking
C) circular thinking
D) convergent thinking

Question 71

Which of the following is not a solution strategy?

A) trial and error
B) problem representation
C) algorithms
D) hill climbing

Question 72

Many people fail to solve the "pieces of chain" problem discussed in the text because they ________.

A) develop conceptual blocks resulting from overly rigid assumptions
B) use heuristic methods rather than trial and error
C) use hill-climbing instead of creating subgoals
D) use an incorrect algorithm

Question 73

Problem representation is ________.

A) an alternative to using algorithms
B) interpreting or defining a problem
C) a specific type of heuristic
D) a specific type of decision making

Question 74

After problem interpretation, the next step in problem solving is ________.

A) selection of a solution strategy
B) a short period of trial and error
C) creation of subgoals
D) a means-end analysis

Question 75

The type of thinking required to solve problems requiring a creative, flexible, or inventive solution is ________ thinking.

A) divergent
B) functional
C) circular
D) convergent

Question 76

The type of thinking needed to solve problems requiring one logically thought-out solution is ________ thinking.

A) divergent
B) functional
C) convergent
D) circular

Question 77

In the mirror test, which of the following animals is the only one that showed signs of self-recognition and awareness?

A) chimpanzees
B) dogs
C) cats
D) mice

Question 78

Recent studies have shown that ________ can learn to use numbers.

A) only humans
B) dolphins and whales
C) most animals
D) rhesus and capuchin monkeys

Question 79

A problem-solving strategy based on successive elimination of incorrect solutions until the correct one is found is called ________.

A) heuristics
B) information retrieval
C) trial and error
D) hill-climbing

Question 80

Numerous studies indicate that animals ________.

A) are incapable of thought
B) have fully humanlike cognitive capacities
C) have some humanlike cognitive capacities
D) are capable of some primitive thought, but have no humanlike cognitive capacities