Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

The human biological clock is governed by a cluster of cells known as the ________ of the hypothalamus.

A) basal ganglia
B) reticular activating system
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) substantia nigra

Answer 1

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 2

The hormone epinephrine reaches peak levels in the bloodstream in the ________.

A) late afternoon hours
B) late morning hours
C) early morning hours
D) early afternoon hours

Answer 2

late morning hours

Question 3

Greg's job at an automobile assembly plant requires him to work a rotating shift. The constantly shifting work schedule is most likely to cause him to ________.

A) develop ulcers
B) become hypervigilant
C) eat more than usual
D) have sleep difficulties

Answer 3

have sleep difficulties

Question 4

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is a(n) ________ cycle.

A) ultradian
B) infradian
C) circadian
D) diurnal

Question 5

Each of the following is true of sleep except ________.

A) adequate sleep allows people to generate more insightful solutions when solving problems
B) adequate sleep slows down the aging process
C) adequate sleep boosts our immune response, making us less susceptible to disease
D) adequate sleep restores people physically and mentally

Question 6

Our awareness of various mental processes such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating is called ________.

A) self-awareness
B) creativity
C) consciousness
D) intelligence

Question 7

The hallmark of normal waking consciousness is ________.

A) the highly generalized nature of attentive processes
B) the highly selective nature of attention
C) the short duration of attention-span
D) the ability to intensely focus on multiple tasks at once

Question 8

The human biological clock is actually a cluster of neurons in the ________.

A) basal ganglia
B) medulla
C) hypothalamus
D) pons

Question 9

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 6
C) 24
D) 12

Question 10

Research evidence indicates that sleep plays an important restorative function ________.

A) both mentally and physically
B) mentally, but not physically
C) physically, but not mentally
D) neither physically nor mentally

Question 11

The naturally occurring chemical ________ appears to trigger sleepiness.

A) thyroxin
B) epinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) adenosine

Question 12

Each of the following is true of sleep except ________.

A) all birds and mammals sleep
B) no one knows exactly why we need to sleep
C) all reptiles, fish, and amphibians sleep
D) when people are sleep-deprived, merely resting does not satisfy them

Question 13

All of the thoughts and feelings we have when we are awake and reasonably alert are called ________.

A) intelligence
B) waking consciousness
C) altered states of consciousness
D) self-awareness

Question 14

When we are awake and alert, we are usually conscious of ________ around us.

A) about half of what is going on
B) virtually everything going on
C) most of what is going on
D) a small portion of what is going on

Question 15

Which of the following chemicals has been found to play a crucial role in our need for sleep?

A) atropine
B) adenosine
C) prednisone
D) thyroxin

Question 16

A hormone that peaks during the night and promotes sleep is ________.

A) dopamine
B) melatonin
C) norepinephrine
D) thyroxin

Question 17

Mental states that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ________.

A) relaxed wakefulness
B) altered states of consciousness
C) hyperconsciousness
D) unconscious states

Question 18

Elevated levels of the chemical adenosine in the brain triggers ________.

A) insomnia
B) wakefulness
C) sleepiness
D) a hypnotic-like trance

Question 19

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the ________.

A) morning
B) night
C) early evening
D) afternoon

Question 20

We spend about one-________ of our lives sleeping.

A) fifth
B) third
C) half
D) fourth

Question 21

The first stage of sleep to be made up after sleep is lost is ________ sleep.

A) REM
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 1

Question 22

Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep?

A) Virtual paralysis of body musculature.
B) Rapid eye movement.
C) Periods of REM sleep get shorter as the night continues.
D) Full arousal of brain activity.

Question 23

Tight, low-amplitude brain waves, slower pulse, muscle relaxation, and side-to-side rolling of the eyes characterize ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 24

Stage 4 sleep is marked by ________ waves.

A) delta
B) theta
C) alpha
D) beta

Question 25

Paradoxical sleep refers to ________ sleep.

A) Stage 2
B) Stage 1
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Question 26

The initials REM stand for ________.

A) rapid energy modulation
B) rapid eye movement
C) reserve enhancement moderation
D) restorative energy mode

Question 27

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 28

The amount of time you spend in delta sleep ________.

A) remains steady throughout life
B) decreases with age
C) increases with age
D) decreases from infancy through adolescence, then increases through adulthood

Question 29

Millie falls asleep after a long day at work and a night of college classes. About an hour after she falls asleep, her eyes begin to move rapidly and her brain activity begins to resemble that of a waking adult. She is most likely entering ________ sleep.

A) Stage 4
B) REM
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 1

Question 30

A phenomenon closely related to disruptions of the wake-sleep cycle is ________.

A) hyperactivity
B) jet lag
C) cognitive dissonance
D) the phi phenomenon

Question 31

The brain waves that characterize the sense of relaxed wakefulness we experience while lying on a beach or in a hammock or when resting after a big meal are ________ waves.

A) theta
B) alpha
C) beta
D) delta

Question 32

Stage 1 sleep lasts for ________.

A) 45 minutes
B) about 3 hours
C) 90 minutes
D) only a few moments

Question 33

The irregular, low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage between waking and sleeping are called ________ waves.

A) theta
B) beta
C) alpha
D) delta

Question 34

"Paradoxical sleep" is so named because it ________.

A) increases as people age, even though people tend to spend less overall time in deep sleep as they age
B) appears in infants who are too young to need to dream to release tensions or to consolidate memories
C) occurs in species other than human beings, yet human beings are the only species with the symbol-creating capacity necessary for dreaming
D) shows a brain-wave pattern characteristic of wakefulness, while all other measures indicate the organism is in deep sleep

Question 35

A night-school student whose head nods during an evening class while the professor is lecturing is most likely to be in ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 36

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 2
D) REM

Question 37

Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called

A) sleep spindles
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) K complexes

Question 38

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 4
D) REM

Question 39

A night-school student who falls asleep in class sleeps for about 25 minutes before his professor notices and tries to awaken him. At this point, he is in such a deep sleep that it is almost impossible to awaken him. A brain scan would show his brain producing delta waves. He is probably in ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 40

Stage 4 sleep occurs ________.

A) mostly in the first half of the night
B) mostly in the second half of the night
C) evenly throughout the night
D) only during daytime naps

Question 41

At any given time, about ________ million Americans suffer from chronic, long-term sleep disorders.

A) 70
B) 90
C) 50
D) 30

Question 42

At any given time, about ________ million Americans experience occasional sleep problems.

A) 20
B) 60
C) 80
D) 40

Question 43

Hospital residents working heavy schedules perform similarly on cognitive tasks to people with ________.

A) no alcohol in their systems
B) blood alcohol levels between .04 and .05
C) blood alcohol levels between .07 and .08
D) blood alcohol levels between .01 and .02

Question 44

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking ________.

A) occur primarily during Stage 4 sleep
B) occur primarily during REM sleep
C) are equally likely to occur in REM and Stage 4 sleep
D) occur only in REM sleep

Question 45

Most dreaming occurs during ________ sleep.

A) Stage 4
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) REM

Question 46

A substance found in milk that promotes sleep is ________.

A) lipoprotein
B) tryptophan
C) acetylcholine
D) endorphin

Question 47

During a night's sleep, people ________.

A) progressively decrease the latent content of their dreams
B) usually increase the duration of REM periods as the night progresses
C) dream only during REM periods
D) go through the five stage of sleep just once

Question 48

Most episodes of sleepwalking and sleeptalking occur during ________ sleep.

A) Stage 2
B) REM
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 3

Question 49

Each of the following is recommended by sleep experts for coping with insomnia except ________.

A) having a regular bedtime routine that you follow each night before retiring
B) getting out of bed and doing something relaxing until you feel sleepy again
C) setting aside regular times during the day to mull over your worries
D) establishing a regular exercise program within a few hours of bedtime

Question 50

During the course of a night, the average sleeper spends the most time in ________ sleep.

A) REM
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3

Question 51

The sleep cycle, alternating between periods of REM and non-REM sleep, lasts approximately ________ minutes.

A) 90
B) 30
C) 120
D) 60

Question 52

During a full night's sleep, REM sleep takes up ________ percent of sleep.

A) 60-65
B) 40-45
C) 20-25
D) 80-85

Question 53

Each of the following is recommended by sleep experts for coping with insomnia except ________.

A) abstaining from drugs
B) maintaining regular bedtime hours
C) fighting insomnia when it occurs
D) avoiding sleeping late on weekends

Question 54

There is a link between sleep deprivation and ________.

A) neither asthma nor stroke
B) asthma but not stroke
C) both asthma and stroke
D) stroke but not asthma

Question 55

In comparison to the first half of the night, during the second half of a typical night's sleep ________.

A) Stages 3 and 4 tend to get longer
B) Stages 1 and 2 tend to disappear
C) REM becomes more prominent
D) the percentage of time spent in each sleep stage is approximately the same

Question 56

A recent study found that women who sleep ________ have an increased risk of heart disease.

A) too little, but not too much
B) a normal number of hours
C) too much, but not too little
D) either too much or too little

Question 57

Stage 2 sleep takes up about ________ percent of a night's sleep.

A) 45-50
B) 70-75
C) 100
D) 20-25

Question 58

Harold is suffering from insomnia. Which of the following is something he probably should not do?

A) Get out of bed and do something until he feels sleepy.
B) Maintain regular bedtime hours.
C) Establish a regular bedtime routine.
D) Have a good stiff drink before bedtime.

Question 59

In paradoxical sleep, brain activity, heart rate, and blood pressure closely resemble waking consciousness, but the sleeper ________.

A) can often speak in answer to questions
B) will act out suggestions put to him/her
C) is able to move about freely
D) appears to be deeply asleep and is incapable of moving

Question 60

Approximately ________ percent of children experience at least one episode of either sleepwalking or sleeptalking.

A) 40
B) 20
C) 80
D) 60

Question 61

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking except ________.

A) waking a sleepwalker is dangerous
B) more boys than girls sleepwalk
C) sleepwalking is more common among children than adults
D) waking a sleepwalker is difficult

Question 62

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulties in breathing while asleep is ________.

A) cataplexy
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) apnea

Question 63

Sleep apnea affects ________ million Americans.

A) 1 to 2
B) 30 to 32
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 22

Question 64

Which of the following children would be most likely to suffer night terrors?

A) a child who is under a lot of stress
B) a child who had nightmares last night
C) a child who slept much later than normal this morning
D) a child who is very young

Question 65

Most episodes of insomnia are ________ and stem from ________.

A) temporary; stressful events
B) chronic; stressful events
C) chronic; underlying psychological problems
D) temporary; underlying psychological problems

Question 66

Nightmares occur in ________ sleep, and night terrors occur in ________ sleep.

A) REM; non-REM
B) non-REM; non-REM
C) REM; REM
D) non-REM; REM

Question 67

Night terrors usually occur in ________ sleep.

A) non-REM
B) irregular
C) REM
D) daytime

Question 68

George suffers from sleep apnea. He is likely to experience all of the following except ________.

A) breathing difficulties at night
B) arousal just short of waking consciousness with great frequency at night
C) exhaustion during waking hours
D) muscle-tone loss after expressions of emotion

Question 69

Each of the following is a sleep disorder except ________.

A) narcolepsy
B) night terrors
C) REM rebound
D) insomnia

Question 70

Each of the following is true of night terrors except ________.

A) children with them will usually push away anyone trying to comfort them
B) people generally cannot be easily awakened from them
C) their characteristics are very similar to those seen with nightmares
D) they usually cannot be recalled the next morning

Question 71

Nightmares occur primarily in ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) REM
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 4

Question 72

A sleep disorder characterized by breathing difficulty at night and feelings of exhaustion during the day is ________.

A) cataplexy
B) sleep apnea
C) narcolepsy
D) insomnia

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems.
B) Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems.
C) Neither nightmares nor night terrors are evidence of psychological problems.
D) Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 74

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.

A) apnea
B) cataplexy
C) insomnia
D) narcolepsy

Question 75

A condition that is usually temporary and caused by stress is ________.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM paralysis
C) insomnia
D) apnea

Question 76

________ has been associated with depression, sexual dysfunction, difficulty concentrating, and headaches in adults, and hyperactivity, conduct disorder, and aggressiveness among children and adolescents.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Apnea
C) Cataplexy
D) Insomnia

Question 77

Each of the following is a true statement regarding insomnia except ________.

A) loneliness can contribute to insomnia
B) insomnia is sometimes the result of a larger psychological problem such as depression
C) insomnia may result from poor bedtime and sleeping rituals
D) most episodes of insomnia are persistent and result from long-standing, deep-level psychological problems

Question 78

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by ________.

A) experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep
B) difficulty falling or remaining asleep
C) nodding off without warning in the middle of the day
D) difficulty breathing while asleep

Question 79

Insomnia is a serious and chronic problem for about _____ percent of adults around the world.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 80

The difference between insomnia and apnea is that ________.

A) apnea affects primarily the elderly, while insomnia is characteristic of children
B) insomnia is treatable but apnea is not
C) apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, while insomnia is not
D) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, while apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties