Deck 12: Motivation

Question 1

Which of the following is true?

A) People are really bad at predicting what will make them miserable, but are good at predicting what will make them happy.
B) People are really bad at predicting what will make them happy, but are good at predicting what will make them miserable.
C) People are really good at both predicting what will make them happy and what will make them miserable.
D) People are really bad at both predicting what will make them happy and what will make them miserable.

Answer 1

People are really bad at both predicting what will make them happy and what will make them miserable.

Question 2

Describe the difference between mastery goals and performance goals. Which of the two is more effective in learning a new skill?

Answer 2

A good answer will include the following key points.
− Mastery or learning goals are concerned with increasing competence and skills.
− Performance goals are concerned with performing well in front of others, being judged favourably, and avoiding criticism.
− Mastery goals are more powerful in motivating learners because they rely on intrinsic motivation.

Question 3

List the six major categories of motives that people give for having sex.

Answer 3

A good answer will include the following key points.
Six motives for having sex are:
− pleasure-the emotional satisfaction or physical pleasure of sex
− intimacy-emotional closeness with your partner
− insecurity-reassurance that you are attractive or desirable
− partner approval-the desire to please or appease your partner
− peer approval-the wish to impress your friends, be part of the group, and conform to what "everyone else" seems to be doing
− attaining a goal-to get status, money, revenge, or "even the score"

Question 4

For many years in Western society, men were romantic and women were pragmatic in choosing a marriage partner. Why?

Question 5

Getting money, taking revenge, and "evening the score" fall under the ________ category of motives for sex.

A) "pleasure"
B) "attaining a goal"
C) "peer approval"
D) "insecurity"

Question 6

The words "motivation" and "emotion" are derived from the same Latin root word. What is the meaning of the Latin root and why is it well-suited in the naming of "motivation"?

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

A) accepting a new job because it pays more than your current job
B) accepting a new job because it will be more fulfilling than your current job
C) trying out for the football team to please your father
D) reading an extra book to get bonus points from a teacher

Question 8

William Masters and Virginia Johnson's research helped to overcome much of the superstition and ignorance about sexual arousal. However, their research had some limitations. Describe the limitations of Masters and Johnson's research that were discussed in your textbook.

Question 9

What feedback should you give children after they solve a puzzle correctly, if you do not want them to give up when they encounter a more difficult puzzle later on?

A) "That must have been an easy problem!"
B) "You must be very smart!"
C) "You must have gotten lucky!"
D) "You must have worked really hard to solve that!"

Question 10

Professor Batsell notices that one of his students seems to frame her participation in the course in terms of being judged favourably by fellow students and avoiding his criticism. It is likely that the student:

A) is motivated by performance goals.
B) feels intrinsic pleasure in the course material she is mastering.
C) follows the motto "Try, try again" when her first effort doesn't succeed.
D) regards failure as a source of useful information to help her improve.

Question 11

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder. Every day she eats a box of donuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit. Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?

A) binge-eating disorder
B) acquired taste aversion
C) bulimia nervosa
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 12

The textbook discusses an example of how sexual scripts for black American men and women can contribute to unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. What are the scripts that were found to be associated with unsafe sex in this community?

Question 13

Name the three kinds of motivational conflicts that affect our choice of goals.

Question 14

According to the attachment theory of love, anxious lovers worry that:

A) they cannot control their own desires to cheat.
B) their partner will leave them.
C) their partner will never give them space.
D) their partner is not good enough.

Question 15

Some people have suggested that oxytocin could act as a "love potion" or "liquid trust." Which of the following is a reason given in the textbook why this is an oversimplification?

A) Oxytocin actually decreases attraction and trust in most people.
B) Giving people doses of oxytocin makes them more likely to favour their own group over other groups, and increases defensive aggression against outsiders.
C) Oxytocin increases attraction and trust in non-human animals, but has no effect in humans.
D) Giving people doses of oxytocin only works if it is administered along with vasopressin.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsically motivated behaviour?

A) reading a mystery book by your favourite author
B) working to earn a paycheque
C) bringing your mother flowers because it makes you feel good
D) marrying someone because you love being with him or her

Question 17

What is leptin and what role does it play in the biology of body weight?

Question 18

Set point theory would predict which of the following?

A) increased metabolic rate when a heavy person diets
B) low heritability for body weight
C) easy weight gain and difficult weight loss
D) increased metabolic rate when a thin person tries to gain weight

Question 19

A man with a(n) ________ attachment style will find that others are often reluctant to get as close as he would like and he worries that his partner won't stay with him.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) intimate

Question 20

________ refers to a genetically influenced weight range for an individual that is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

A) Extrinsic weight
B) Set point
C) Intrinsic weight
D) Goal weight

Question 21

Leona engages in activities only if she will receive a reward. She:

A) has a need for affiliation.
B) is intrinsically motivated.
C) is extrinsically motivated.
D) is mastering a goal.

Question 22

A person with a(n) ________ attachment style will be uncomfortable getting close to others and will find it difficult to trust or depend on others.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Question 23

To psychologists, motivation refers to:

A) a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water.
B) a process in which an individual sets goals in order to increase his or her competence and skills.
C) an inferred process within a person or animal, which causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.
D) movement through a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival needs for sleep, food, and water, and reaching needs for self-actualization.

Question 24

The pursuit of an activity for external rewards is called:

A) the need for affiliation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) a mastery goal.

Question 25

A(n) ________ is framed in terms of being judged favourably by others and avoiding criticism.

A) approach goal
B) learning goal
C) mastery goal
D) performance goal

Question 26

________ is the genetically influenced weight range of an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

A) Extrinsic weight
B) Set point
C) Intrinsic weight
D) Goal weight

Question 27

According to your textbook:

A) all motivation comes from the desire for external rewards.
B) today's motivation researchers emphasize the biological drives that guide behaviour.
C) human motivation is based entirely on psychological goals, not biological needs.
D) drive theories do not account for the full complexity of human motivation.

Question 28

Over time, ________ typically decreases in relationships.

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) trust

Question 29

In Abraham Maslow's theory, what is the top level of the needs hierarchy?

A) security needs
B) esteem needs
C) social needs
D) self-actualization

Question 30

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is called:

A) the need for affiliation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) a biological drive.
D) a performance goal.

Question 31

________ is a protein secreted by fat cells that helps in the regulation of appetite.

A) Vasopressin
B) Oxytocin
C) Leptin
D) Ob

Question 32

Risky sexual behaviours, such as sex with many partners and a failure to use birth control, are strongly associated with which of the following motives for sex?

A) extrinsic motives, such as having sex to gain approval from others
B) the satisfaction and physical pleasure of sex
C) emotional closeness with the partner
D) spiritual transcendence

Question 33

For many decades, the study of motivation was dominated by a focus on ________, although this did not account for the full complexity of human motivation.

A) mastery goals
B) the need for affiliation
C) biological drives
D) performance goals

Question 34

At least ________ percent of all children and teenagers in North America are now overweight or obese.

A) 50
B) 75
C) 25
D) 5

Question 35

________ are goals framed in terms of positive experiences that you seek directly.

A) Approach goals
B) Performance goals
C) Secure goals
D) Self-efficacy goals

Question 36

Intrinsic motivation is defined as:

A) the pursuit of an activity for external rewards.
B) the pursuit of an activity for its own sake.
C) the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation.
D) the pursuit of an activity in order to be judged favourably by others.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsically motivated behaviour?

A) reading a mystery book by your favorite author
B) working to earn a paycheck
C) bringing your mother flowers because it makes you feel good
D) marrying someone because you love being with him or her

Question 38

The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of:

A) how decisions are made.
B) why we do what we do.
C) biological drives.
D) performance goals.

Question 39

________ is defined as an inferred process within a person or animal, which causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

A) Motivation
B) A drive
C) A value
D) The need for achievement

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsically motivated behaviour?

A) reading a mystery book by your favourite author
B) working to earn a paycheck
C) bringing your mother flowers on her birthday because it is expected
D) exercising so you can fit into a new swimsuit

Question 41

Which of the following is one of the five leading environmental culprits causing the worldwide weight-gain epidemic?

A) the increased popularity of gourmet restaurants
B) the increased preference for sedentary activities such as watching videos and television, or sitting at a computer
C) the increased popularity of eating meals at home with family
D) the lack of variety in modern diets

Question 42

Human evolution seems to have predisposed the body to:

A) speed up metabolism when tasty food is easily available in order to prevent excessive weight gain.
B) store calories when food is abundant in order to aid survival when food is scarce.
C) crave foods high in starch, fat, and carbohydrates, only during times of food scarcity.
D) quickly adapt to periods of food overabundance by reducing caloric intake.

Question 43

Set point theory would predict which of the following?

A) increased metabolic rate when a heavy person diets
B) low heritability for body weight
C) easy weight gain and difficult weight loss
D) increased metabolic rate when a thin person tries to gain weight

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

A) accepting a new job because it pays more than your current job
B) accepting a new job because it will be more fulfilling than your current job
C) trying out for the football team to please your father
D) reading an extra book to get bonus points from a teacher

Question 45

________ is a protein secreted by fat cells that helps in the regulation of appetite.

A) Vasopressin
B) Oxytocin
C) Leptin
D) Ob

Question 46

Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the increase in North American obesity rates?

A) too much high-fat food and too little exercise
B) genetic changes over the past few decades
C) a lack of willpower among obese people
D) the increase in binge-eating disorders

Question 47

Wilma has a genetic disorder which causes her body to produce too little of the hormone leptin. Which of the following is likely a symptom of her disorder?

A) Wilma is too skinny.
B) Wilma overeats.
C) Wilma's metabolic rate is very fast.
D) Wilma gets no pleasure from eating.

Question 48

The evidence for psychological theories that attribute obesity to emotional disturbances:

A) empirically supports the view that overweight individuals are mentally ill.
B) was based on flawed studies, often without control groups or objective measures.
C) indicates that overweight people, on the average, overeat to fill "emotional holes."
D) shows that obesity is almost always based on overeating.

Question 49

When crop failures are common in a country, the cultural ideal is likely to be:

A) slender.
B) muscular.
C) fat.
D) soft but thin.

Question 50

The set-point theory has difficulty explaining:

A) why most people who diet eventually gain the weight back.
B) how the same daily caloric intake causes some to gain weight, but not others.
C) the dramatic worldwide increases in weight and obesity.
D) the role of basal metabolism rates and fat cells in maintaining weight.

Question 51

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called:

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) acquired taste aversion.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) self-starvation.

Question 52

Injecting leptin into a leptin-deficient mouse would cause it to:

A) become sedentary.
B) experience pleasure.
C) gain weight.
D) lose weight.

Question 53

Compared to one generation ago, food and drink portions in America have:

A) remained constant.
B) increased by ten percent.
C) doubled or tripled.
D) increased by a factor of ten.

Question 54

Research conducted with identical twins who were raised together versus apart shows that:

A) genes play a large role in determining body weight and shape.
B) when the twins are reared apart, weight gain occurs in different body areas.
C) twins raised together are more similar in body shape than those reared apart.
D) the weight of twins reared apart is correlated more with their adoptive family members than it is with their twin.

Question 55

At least ________ percent of all children and teenagers in North America are now overweight or obese.

A) 50
B) 75
C) 25
D) 5

Question 56

________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Body-image distortion
C) Bulimia nervosa
D) Binge-eating disorder

Question 57

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder. Every day she eats a box of donuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit. Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?

A) binge-eating disorder
B) acquired taste aversion
C) bulimia nervosa
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 58

During a critical period in infancy, __________ influences the formation of neural circuits in the hypothalamus, which are responsible for determining the body's set point.

A) leptin
B) sucrose
C) fructose
D) pectin

Question 59

Obese people have approximately ________ fat cells as normal-weight people.

A) the same number of
B) two-thirds as many
C) twice as many
D) three times as many

Question 60

________ fat is an energy-burning type of fat that appears to be important in regulating body weight.

A) White
B) Brown
C) Transparent
D) Translucent

Question 61

When asked how they met, Jackie responds, "It was love at first sight!" This response is reflective of which type of love?

A) intimate love
B) commitment love
C) companionate love
D) passionate love

Question 62

A female friend of yours confides that her sex drive has been low lately, and she is thinking of taking testosterone to increase it. Which of the following should you tell her?

A) The pills won't work because testosterone only promotes sexual desire in men, not women.
B) The pills won't work because testosterone has nothing to do with sexual desire.
C) Do it! Testosterone supplements are a very effective way to boost libido.
D) It probably isn't worth it because the effect of testosterone supplements on sexual satisfaction is very small for healthy individuals.

Question 63

Which of the following is one of the reasons for rape given in the text?

A) narcissism and hostility toward women
B) unrequited love
C) anxious attachment
D) curiosity

Question 64

According to your textbook, in what way do men and women differ when it comes to romance?

A) Men usually suffer more from the end of a relationship than women do.
B) Women usually suffer more from the end of a relationship than men do.
C) Men and women typically differ in how they express their motives for love and intimacy.
D) Men are more likely to be insecurely attached than women are.

Question 65

Risky sexual behaviours, such as sex with many partners and a failure to use birth control, are strongly associated with which of the following motives for sex?

A) extrinsic motives, such as having sex to gain approval from others
B) the satisfaction and physical pleasure of sex
C) emotional closeness with the partner
D) spiritual transcendence

Question 66

Marc and Johanna are engaged to be married. When asked to describe their relationship, they respond by saying it is based on affection and trust. This response reflects which kind of love?

A) emotional love
B) attractive love
C) companionate love
D) passionate love

Question 67

In a study mentioned in your textbook, a survey of nearly 2 000 people yielded _____ motives for having sex.

A) 3
B) 10
C) 28
D) 237

Question 68

Some people have suggested that oxytocin could act as a "love potion" or "liquid trust." Which of the following is a reason given in the textbook why this is an oversimplification?

A) Oxytocin actually decreases attraction and trust in most people.
B) Giving people doses of oxytocin makes them more likely to favour their own group over other groups, and increases defensive aggression against outsiders.
C) Oxytocin increases attraction and trust in non-human animals, but has no effect in humans.
D) Giving people doses of oxytocin only works if it is administered along with vasopressin.

Question 69

Which hormone/neurotransmitter has been shown in some studies to increase trust?

A) leptin
B) GABA
C) endorphins
D) oxytocin

Question 70

The phrase, "addicted to love" may have some truth to it, because the touch of a parent or lover can cause the release of neurotransmitters in the brain that are natural __________, a class of drugs known to cause addiction.

A) opiates
B) tranquilizers
C) stimulants
D) depressants

Question 71

Masters and Johnson concluded that, when it came to orgasms:

A) the capacity for sexual response in men surpasses that of women.
B) the similarity between men and women depends on the source of stimulation (vaginal versus clitoral).
C) men and women experience orgasms quite differently.
D) male and female orgasms are remarkably similar.

Question 72

Over time, ________ typically decreases in relationships.

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) trust

Question 73

One of the most serious limitations of the work of Masters and Johnson is that:

A) they did not include enough subjects who were readily orgasmic.
B) they did not conduct research to see how experience and culture influence sexual response.
C) they did not follow up their survey research findings with laboratory work.
D) they did not study whether or not the source of stimulation influenced orgasm.

Question 74

When her baby begins to cry, Brenda can quickly soothe him by picking him up, holding him, and stroking his head. Based on research with animals, it is likely that Brenda's touch has a soothing effect, in part, because it leads to the release of ___________ in the baby's brain.

A) morphine
B) endorphins
C) leptin
D) vasopressin

Question 75

According to the attachment theory of love, anxious lovers worry that:

A) they cannot control their own desires to cheat.
B) their partner will leave them.
C) their partner will never give them space.
D) their partner is not good enough.

Question 76

A person with a(n) ________ attachment style will be uncomfortable getting close to others and find it difficult to trust or depend on others.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Question 77

Eating disorders and body-image distortions among North American boys and men often take a different form than is typically seen among women. For example, males are more likely to:

A) abuse steroids and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.
B) binge on foods high in fat and starches.
C) use inactivity to try to reduce the size of their bodies.
D) eat normally, but purge anyway.

Question 78

Sex researcher and therapist Leonore Tiefer observed that, "sex is not a natural act" for human beings. What did she mean by this?

A) Physical sex, at its heart, is a repulsive act.
B) Sex creates a euphoric high that is "otherworldly."
C) Sex, for any other purpose than procreation, goes against nature and evolution.
D) For humans, sex is learned, not automatic.

Question 79

A man with a(n) ________ attachment style will find that others are often reluctant to get as close as he would like, and he worries that his partner won't stay with him.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) intimate

Question 80

Getting money, taking revenge, and "evening the score" fall under the ________ category of motives for sex.

A) "pleasure"
B) "attaining a goal"
C) "peer approval"
D) "insecurity"