Deck 13: Development Over the Life Span

Question 1

Which of the following is one of the three kinds of problems that are more common during adolescence than during other developmental stages?

A) conflicts with parents over autonomy
B) physical inactivity and passivity
C) overinflated self-esteem
D) too-little self-esteem

Answer 1

conflicts with parents over autonomy

Question 2

Based on Mary Ainsworth's studies, ________ children did not care if the mother left the room, made little effort to seek contact with her on her return, and treated a stranger about the same way as the mother.

A) avoidant
B) securely attached
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Answer 2

avoidant

Question 3

After implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall is complete, the ________ stage of prenatal development begins.

A) germinal
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) uterine

Answer 3

embryonic

Question 4

Fluid intelligence consists of:

A) the kind of intelligence that gives one the ability to do arithmetic and define words.
B) intellectual abilities that develop from one's environment.
C) specific knowledge learned through education and life experiences.
D) the ability to use new information to solve problem.

Question 5

According to Jean Piaget, at what developmental stage would a child come to understand conservation and cause and effect?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 6

The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture is called:

A) gender typing.
B) gender identity formation.
C) gender schema development.
D) learned gender differences.

Question 7

According to Erik Erickson, when does the challenge of generativity versus stagnation occur?

A) adolescence
B) preschool
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 8

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence develops during the ________ stage.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 9

Children begin to name objects at about:

A) 3 months of age.
B) 6 months of age.
C) 1 year of age.
D) 3 years of age.

Question 10

The research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for ________ in young rhesus monkeys.

A) contact comfort
B) adequate nutrition
C) maternal sensitivity
D) a peer group

Question 11

During the prenatal stage, the fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) ovum.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) zygote.

Question 12

The most common consequence of ________ during pregnancy is deafness.

A) alcohol use
B) German measles
C) cigarette smoking
D) cocaine use

Question 13

The fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether you conform to the social rules of gender, is called:

A) gender typing.
B) gender identity.
C) gender schema.
D) gender development.

Question 14

According to your textbook, which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

A) defects in the eyes, ears, and heart
B) smaller brain, facial deformities, lack of coordination
C) increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
D) intellectual disabilities, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 15

Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine:

A) the effect of contact comfort on infants.
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of life.
D) the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.

Question 16

A person experiences too strong of a sense of guilt over his fantasies. According to Erik Erikson's theory, he had difficulty resolving the inevitable crisis that occurred when he was:

A) an infant.
B) a preschooler.
C) a young adult.
D) in his middle years.

Question 17

________ is the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova.

A) Menopause
B) Puberty
C) Menarche
D) Adrenarche

Question 18

Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 8 to 12 months.

Question 19

According to research discussed in your textbook, which of the following is true about resilience?

A) Most children do not recover from adversity.
B) There is something special and rare about people who can recover from adversity.
C) Those with an insecure attachment style recover more easily from adversity.
D) Children are fairly resilient to trauma, especially if they have easygoing temperaments or personality traits.

Question 20

Most children become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 10 to 12 months.

Question 21

________, the pleasure of being touched and held, is important throughout life.

A) Socialization
B) Contact comfort
C) Synchrony
D) Maturation

Question 22

The most common consequence of ________ during pregnancy is deafness.

A) alcohol use
B) German measles
C) cigarette smoking
D) cocaine use

Question 23

According to your textbook, which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

A) defects in the eyes, ears, and heart
B) smaller brain, facial deformities, lack of coordination
C) increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
D) intellectual disabilities, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 24

The sensory abilities of newborn infants:

A) do not allow them to distinguish contrasts, shadows, or edges.
B) include the ability to see and hear, but not to discriminate tastes and smells.
C) include visual abilities that are much like that of an adult.
D) include the ability to discriminate smells, tastes, and sounds almost immediately.

Question 25

Janet and her husband are thrilled as they look into Janet's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the baby is only 1½ inches long and is about 8 weeks along. Janet's baby is at the very end of the ________ stage of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) zygote
C) prenatal
D) fetal

Question 26

Dr. McKenzie decides to perform a Cesarean section in order to avoid potential harm to a baby during birth. She is most likely concerned about the mother's:

A) exposure to lead during the last weeks of pregnancy.
B) outbreak of genital herpes.
C) cigarette smoking just before the onset of labor.
D) consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks per day.

Question 27

Which aspect of attachment was demonstrated by Margaret and Harry Harlow using rhesus monkeys as research subjects?

A) power assertion
B) insecure attachment
C) contact comfort
D) egocentrism

Question 28

Eve touches the cheek of her two-month-old daughter, Elise. In response, Elise turns her head toward the touch in search of something to suck. Elise is demonstrating the __________ reflex.

A) sucking
B) contact comfort
C) rooting
D) Babinski

Question 29

Which of the following outcomes may occur when the mother has German measles (rubella) early in pregnancy?

A) defects in the eye, ear, and heart
B) attention problems and lower IQ
C) increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
D) intellectual disabilities, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 30

After the implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall is complete, the ________ stage of prenatal development begins.

A) germinal
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) uterine

Question 31

Psychologists who study physiological and cognitive changes across the life span and how these are affected by a person's genetic predispositions, culture, circumstances, and experiences are called:

A) developmental psychologists.
B) humanistic psychologists.
C) maturational psychologists.
D) individualist psychologists.

Question 32

Which of the following is true regarding risk factors related to fathers?

A) Babies of men exposed to workplace chemicals are more likely to be miscarried.
B) Babies of young fathers have an increased probability of autism.
C) Fathers under the age of 25 have three times the risk of conceiving a child who develops schizophrenia as do fathers over the age of 50.
D) There is an increased risk that the babies of teenaged fathers will develop bipolar disorder.

Question 33

________ is the sequential unfolding of genetically influenced behavior and physical characteristics.

A) Socialization
B) Maturation
C) Induction
D) Acculturation

Question 34

The research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for ________ in young rhesus monkeys.

A) contact comfort
B) adequate nutrition
C) maternal sensitivity
D) a peer group

Question 35

________ is the process by which children learn the rules and behavior expected of them by society.

A) Socialization
B) Maturation
C) Induction
D) Acculturation

Question 36

Which of the following is one of the functions of the placenta during pregnancy?

A) triggering the division of the zygote
B) preventing nutrients from reaching the embryo
C) secreting testosterone when the embryo is male
D) screening out some, but not all, harmful substances

Question 37

A(n) ________ further develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage.

A) ovum
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) placenta

Question 38

The newborn infant has a number of __________ such as sucking, grasping, and rooting, which aid in his or her survival.

A) cognitive skills
B) traits
C) motor reflexes
D) inborn perceptual abilities

Question 39

During the prenatal stage, the fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) ovum.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) zygote.

Question 40

The prenatal stage of conception begins with:

A) the maturation of the female ovum and its entry into the fallopian tube.
B) the uniting of the female ovum and the male sperm.
C) the entry of the zygote into the uterus.
D) the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Question 41

According to Noam Chomsky, the human brain contains an innate mental module called ________ that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation.

A) telegraphic speech
B) universal grammar
C) object permanence
D) theory of mind

Question 42

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants:

A) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return.
B) protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns.
C) cry or protest if the mother leaves the room and welcome her back when she returns.
D) are not concerned upon separation, but cry to be picked up and held on her return.

Question 43

A toddler smacks her lips to let her parents know that she wants food. This is an example of:

A) telegraphic speech.
B) parentese.
C) universal grammar.
D) a symbolic gesture.

Question 44

What reason might Noam Chomsky give to explain why it is so difficult to teach language to animals?

A) Most animals do not live long enough to acquire language.
B) Animals are not born with a universal grammar.
C) Only humans are capable of communication.
D) Animals have their own languages and do not want to learn ours.

Question 45

Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine:

A) the effect of contact comfort on infants.
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of life.
D) the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.

Question 46

Researchers have found that "baby talk" by parents:

A) helps babies learn the melody and the rhythm of their native language.
B) holds children back from learning real language.
C) promotes telegraphic speech, especially if overused.
D) teaches children the correct grammar of their native language.

Question 47

Rakeish was kept locked in a basement for most of his childhood. During this period, he almost never heard a human voice. Finally, he was rescued from this abusive situation. It is likely that Rakeish will:

A) very quickly acquire the ability to speak normally.
B) learn to speak normally after many years.
C) eventually understand speech, but will never be able to talk.
D) never learn to speak normally.

Question 48

Based on Mary Ainsworth's studies, ________ children did not care if the mother left the room, made little effort to seek contact with her on her return, and treated a stranger in about the same way as the mother.

A) avoidant
B) securely attached
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Question 49

________ is the distress that most children develop when their primary caregivers leave them with strangers.

A) Insecure attachment
B) Separation anxiety
C) Contact discomfort
D) Avoidant attachment

Question 50

Anatolie was raised in a substandard orphanage where he was given little attention. He wasn't adopted until he was 6 years old. Anatolie is ________________ to become insecurely attached to his adoptive parents as compared to a child that did not experience the same level of abandonment and deprivation.

A) no more or less likely
B) slightly less likely
C) more likely
D) much less likely

Question 51

Which of the following appears to have the greatest effect on the security of a child's attachment?

A) the child's own genetically-influenced temperament
B) time spent in daycare
C) the mother's sensitivity
D) cultural differences in parenting

Question 52

When researchers compared infants who were in daycare for varying hours each week, they found that:

A) day care has no significant effect on the security of a child's attachment.
B) even a few hours of day care per week significantly impacts the security of a child's attachment.
C) thirty or more hours per week in day care decreases secure attachment.
D) fifteen or more hours per week in day care decreases secure attachment.

Question 53

Which of the following is true about language?

A) Any type of communication is a language.
B) All languages involve the making of sounds.
C) Language allows a near infinite number of novel ideas to be communicated.
D) Scientists are surprised that humans evolved to use language, because it probably wasn't very beneficial for our prehistoric ancestors.

Question 54

According to the anti-innate-module school, which of the following holds true for human language?

A) Experience and culture have no role in language development.
B) Culture is the primary determinant of a language's linguistic structure, rather than an innate grammar.
C) Genetics is the primary determinant of a language's linguistic structure.
D) Major differences between the world's languages can be explained by a "universal grammar."

Question 55

Children begin to name objects at about:

A) 3 months of age.
B) 6 months of age.
C) 1 year of age.
D) 3 years of age.

Question 56

Mary Ainsworth believed that insecure attachment results primarily from the way mothers treat their children during the:

A) first week of life.
B) first month of life.
C) first year of life.
D) first three years of life.

Question 57

How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artificial "wire mother" and an artificial "cloth mother" respond to these objects?

A) They became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk.
B) They avoided both mothers except when they were hungry.
C) They would not eat or drink, and soon died.
D) They would cling to the "cloth mother," especially when they were frightened or startled.

Question 58

After greeting her relatives at the airport, Joey's mother leaves him with his grandmother and gets the luggage. Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and begins to cry. This distress would be an example of:

A) insecure attachment.
B) separation anxiety.
C) avoidant attachment.
D) sensorimotor thinking.

Question 59

Most children become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 10 to 12 months.

Question 60

Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 8 to 12 months.

Question 61

Which of the following is a valid challenge to Piaget's theory?

A) Cognitive abilities develop in discrete steps or stages rather than continuous, overlapping waves.
B) Young children do not understand as much as Piaget gave them credit for.
C) Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought.
D) Cognitive development around the world is more consistent than Piaget realized.

Question 62

________ is a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.

A) Theory of cognition
B) Telegraphic speech
C) Object permanence
D) Theory of mind

Question 63

Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of __________ development.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) moral
D) emotional

Question 64

In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called:

A) operations.
B) accommodation.
C) conservation.
D) assimilation.

Question 65

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of:

A) assimilation.
B) preoperational thought.
C) accommodation.
D) egocentric thinking.

Question 66

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called:

A) operations.
B) accommodation.
C) conservation.
D) assimilation.

Question 67

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence develops during the ________ stage.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 68

________ refers to a child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words.

A) Telegraphic speech
B) Parentese
C) Universal grammar
D) Symbolic gesture

Question 69

According to Piaget, the first stage of a child's cognitive development is the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 70

According to Piaget, during their first year, infants develop ________, the understanding that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.

A) egocentric thinking
B) accommodation
C) object permanence
D) assimilation

Question 71

In the ________ stage, the infant learns through concrete actions: looking, touching, putting things in the mouth, sucking, and grasping.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operations
D) concrete operations

Question 72

According to Jean Piaget, at what developmental stage would a child come to understand conservation and cause and effect?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 73

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following is true of preoperational children?

A) Preoperational children lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principles.
B) Preoperational children are ready to accept another person's point of view.
C) Preoperational children are able to grasp the concept of conservation.
D) Preoperational children do not yet demonstrate object permanence.

Question 74

Tyrel is only 5 years old. He is angry at his brother and is about to hit him when he stops. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, it is most likely that Tyrel did not hit his brother because he:

A) respects the rules of the house.
B) does not want to get into trouble.
C) realizes that all human beings deserve to live without violence.
D) wants to conform to the rules of the house.

Question 75

According to Jean Piaget, the last stage of a child's cognitive development is the ________ stage.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operations
D) concrete operations

Question 76

Which of the following research findings regarding cognitive development is a challenge to Piaget's theory?

A) Children actively interpret their worlds, using their developing abilities to assimilate new information and figure things out.
B) Abstract reasoning is one of the last cognitive skills to develop fully.
C) New reasoning abilities depend on the emergence of previous abilities.
D) Cognitive abilities develop in overlapping waves rather than in discrete steps.

Question 77

When asked about whether the death penalty is morally defensible, Mandi argues that it is never acceptable to take a life. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Mandi is at the phase of moral development where moral judgments are based upon:

A) conformity and loyalty to others.
B) what is in her own interest.
C) universal human rights.
D) the rule of law.

Question 78

According to Piaget, children develop abstract reasoning at the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 79

Lev Vygotsky emphasized:

A) children's need for contact comfort on early attachment relationships.
B) the sociocultural influences on children's cognitive development.
C) the shared grammatical structure underlying all spoken languages.
D) the anxiety babies and toddlers feel when separated from a primary caregiver.

Question 80

________ is the understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.

A) Assimilation
B) Conservation
C) Concrete operations
D) Object permanence