Deck 20: Motivation and Emotion Part 2

Question 1

Jamie is playing the role of a depressed elderly woman in the school play. She frowns, slumps her shoulders, and sighs and moans "Wo is me" continually at play practice. The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that after practice Jamie will feel

A) sadder than she typically feels.
B) happier than she typically feels.
C) excited.
D) satisfaction.

Answer 1

sadder than she typically feels.

Question 2

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that

A) other people can identify your emotional state by observing your facial expressions.
B) a facial expression is simply an external sign of the internal feelings.
C) you can affect how you feel by making a certain facial expression.
D) the internal state causes the facial expression.

Answer 2

you can affect how you feel by making a certain facial expression.

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding the behavioral expression of emotion is LEAST accurate?

A) Facial expressions reveal a variety of basic emotions.
B) The facial expressions that go with the basic emotions seem to be innate.
C) People who have been blind since birth do not smile and frown as sighted people do.
D) People are reasonably skilled at deciphering emotions from others' facial expressions.

Answer 3

People who have been blind since birth do not smile and frown as sighted people do.

Question 4

If you go to a party and force yourself to smile even though you are feeling a little depressed, there is a good chance that you will

A) actually feel a little happier.
B) continue to feel depressed.
C) feel more depressed later.
D) fool everyone at the party except yourself.

Question 5

Ezra is watching a movie, and as the star of the movie tries to deal with various difficulties, Ezra finds himself laughing uncontrollably, with tears streaming down his face. These reactions are part of the

A) physiological component in Ezra's emotional experience.
B) cognitive component in Ezra's emotional experience.
C) behavioral component in Ezra's emotional experience.
D) objective component in Ezra's emotional experience.

Question 6

Which of the following groups of emotions are all emotions that people are generally successful in identifying in photographs?

A) sadness, anger, remorse
B) happiness, love, surprise
C) anger, fear, disgust
D) disappointment, sadness, fear

Question 7

Research results have indicated considerable cross-cultural agreement in which of the following elements of emotional experiences?

A) cognitive only
B) physiological and behavioral, but not cognitive
C) cognitive and physiological but not behavioral
D) cognitive, physiological and behavioral

Question 8

Royce is describing a whitewater rafting trip. As he talks about the raft crashing through rapids, Janie's mouth drops, and she finds she is clutching at the arms of her chair. These reactions are part of the

A) behavioral component in Janie's emotional experience.
B) cognitive component in Janie's emotional experience.
C) physiological component in Janie's emotional experience.
D) objective component in Janie's emotional experience.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the six fundamental emotions people are generally successful in identifying in photographs?

A) surprise
B) disgust
C) disappointment
D) sadness

Question 10

The ____ component of an emotion refers to the characteristic overt expression of that emotion.

A) physiological
B) affective
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 11

The idea that muscles of the face send information to the brain and that this affects the emotion we feel is known as

A) Schachter's cognitive theory.
B) the James-Lange theory.
C) Darwin's facial expression theory.
D) the facial feedback hypothesis.

Question 12

Cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions are called

A) cognitions.
B) polygraphs.
C) display rules.
D) emotional cues.

Question 13

Cross-cultural similarities exist in all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) the categorization of different emotions
B) identification of basic emotions from facial expressions
C) the types of events that trigger specific emotions
D) the physiological arousal that accompanies emotion

Question 14

Diane has been feeling somewhat down for the past few days. Her sister suggests that if Diane smiled a little more, she might feel better. This suggestion is consistent with

A) the two-factor theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) the common-sense view of emotion.
D) the facial feedback hypothesis.

Question 15

Research results have indicated considerable cross-cultural agreement in the identification of all EXCEPT which of the following emotional expressions?

A) fear
B) sadness
C) suspicion
D) happiness

Question 16

Research by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen indicate that subjects are generally successful in identifying (from facial cues in photographs) all EXCEPT which of the following emotions?

A) fear
B) anger
C) happiness
D) contentment

Question 17

The ____ component of an emotion consists of the "body language" used to express the emotion.

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) physiological
D) behavioral

Question 18

The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that

A) feedback from another person's facial expression allows individuals to correctly label emotions.
B) facial muscles send signals to the brain that help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing.
C) all cultures have identical facial expressions that indicate specific emotional states.
D) after experiencing an emotion, the brain transmits signals that result in the facial muscles "matching" the emotion.

Question 19

Ekman and Friesen found that individuals are capable of identifying which emotions another person was experiencing on the basis of ____ cues in photographs.

A) context
B) postural
C) facial
D) postural and facial

Question 20

Warrick was posing for his girlfriend while she painted a picture for her art class. She had asked him to hold his mouth in a frown because she was trying to depict someone who was sad and dejected. Now that he has finished posing, Warrick finds that he is feeling somewhat unhappy, but he is not really sure why. This type of reaction is consistent with which of the following?

A) the two-factor theory of emotion
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion
C) the facial feedback hypothesis
D) the common-sense view of emotion

Question 21

The ____ in Japanese society encourage masking emotions such as anger and sadness by exhibiting polite smiling or a neutral expression.

A) display rules
B) rules of engagement
C) rules of conduct
D) rules of polite society

Question 22

As Tevin walked into the strange house, the lights suddenly went out and he heard a loud groan off to one side. Based on the James-Lange view of emotions, Tevin should report

A) "I am trembling because I am afraid."
B) "I feel afraid because I am trembling."
C) "This situation makes me tremble and it makes me feel afraid."
D) "My trembling must be fear because this situation is dangerous."

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT an example of a socially engaging emotion?.

A) friendly feeling
B) sympathy
C) guilt
D) pride

Question 24

According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs

A) independently of autonomic arousal.
B) before autonomic arousal.
C) after autonomic arousal.
D) simultaneously with autonomic arousal.

Question 25

The James-Lange theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of emotions.

A) psychological
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) physiological

Question 26

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal; according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal.

A) precedes; follows
B) coincides with; precedes
C) follows; coincides with
D) follows; precedes

Question 27

Display rules are cultural norms that relate to the ____ component of emotion.

A) physiological
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) perceptual

Question 28

Japanese culture encourages the experience of

A) behavioral emotions.
B) cognitive emotions.
C) socially disengaging emotions.
D) socially engaging emotions.

Question 29

Imagine that an individual has taken medication that has lowered his or her overall level of autonomic arousal. If this person reports less intense emotional experiences, it would provide some support for

A) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
B) the common-sense view of emotion.
C) the facial feedback hypothesis.
D) the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Question 30

One problem with the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, is that both fail to consider the role of

A) physiological responses in the experience of emotions.
B) expressive reactions in the experience of emotions.
C) cognitive interpretations in the experience of emotions.
D) the interaction between physiological responses and conscious experiences.

Question 31

North American culture encourages the experience of

A) behavioral emotions.
B) cognitive emotions.
C) socially disengaging emotions.
D) socially engaging emotions.

Question 32

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of emotions.

A) psychological
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) neural

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an example of a socially disengaging emotion?.

A) unfriendly feeling
B) anger
C) guilt
D) pride

Question 34

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents the James-Lange theory?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 35

The theory of emotion that proposes that different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions is the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
C) Schachter two-factor theory.
D) commonsense theory.

Question 36

The theory of emotion that proposes the conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal is the

A) commonsense theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) facial-feedback theory.

Question 37

Cross cultural differences in emotional experience are MOST prominent concerning how individuals from different cultures

A) use facial cues to identify basic emotions
B) experience autonomic arousal
C) categorize or label specific emotions
D) use cognitive appraisal of a situation to determine which emotion is being experienced

Question 38

Dylan is on a roller coaster that has just reached the top of the first climb and is starting to drop. Based on the James-Lange theory of emotions, Dylan should report

A) "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because everyone else is screaming."
B) "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
C) "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
D) "The sight of the drop makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."

Question 39

As Erica watched the televised drawing of lottery numbers, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica's response pattern would lend support to

A) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion.
D) Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 40

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, one's conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of

A) others' emotions.
B) autonomic arousal.
C) skin conductancy.
D) tension in the facial muscles.

Question 41

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations best represents Schachter's two-factor theory?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 42

Walking in the forest, you see a bear. Your heart starts pounding, you run, and then you feel fear. This description best illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) commonsense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 43

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs

A) independently of autonomic arousal.
B) before autonomic arousal.
C) after autonomic arousal.
D) simultaneously with autonomic arousal.

Question 44

While Walter is out riding, his horse suddenly rears up when a small animal scurries across the path. Based on the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, Walter should report

A) "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
B) "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
C) "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because this situation is dangerous."
D) "The rearing of the horse makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."

Question 45

According to the James-Lange theory, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to Schachter, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions.

A) physiological; situational
B) physiological; physiological
C) situational; physiological
D) situational; situational

Question 46

"General bodily arousal contributes to emotion, but one's interpretation of what is happening gives the specific emotion" is a proposition that would be made by

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) William James.
C) Walter Cannon.
D) Stanley Schachter.

Question 47

The theory of emotion that proposes the conscious experience of emotion results from one's cognitive interpretation of an event that caused autonomic arousal is the

A) Schachter two-factor theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
C) facial-feedback theory.
D) James-Lange theory.

Question 48

It is Emilie's ninth birthday, and her parents have just brought out the biggest birthday present she has ever seen. Her eyes widen and her heart starts to race as she eagerly tears the wrappings off her gift. Based on the two-factor theory of emotion, Emilie should report

A) "My racing pulse means I am happy because I interpret this as an enjoyable situation."
B) "My pulse is racing because I am happy."
C) "I feel happy because my pulse is racing."
D) "This huge present makes my pulse race and it makes me feel happy."

Question 49

According to ____, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs after autonomic arousal.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) both Cannon-Bard and Schachter two-factor theories
D) both James-Lange and Schachter two-factor theories

Question 50

Schachter suggests that people rely on ____ cues to label their emotional states.

A) physiological
B) interpersonal
C) external
D) internal

Question 51

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
C) emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.
D) emotions develop because of their adaptive value.

Question 52

Walking through the forest, you see a bear. Your heart starts pounding and you start to run away from this dangerous situation that caused you to be afraid. This description BEST illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) commonsense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 53

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ the physiological arousal associated with emotions.

A) precedes
B) coincides with
C) follows
D) causes

Question 54

While walking down the street, you are approached by a man with a gun who demands your money. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you are MOST likely to conclude

A) it is alright to be afraid in this situation.
B) since your heart is pounding in this dangerous situation, you are afraid.
C) your heart is pounding because you are afraid.
D) you are afraid because your heart is pounding.

Question 55

Walking through the forest you see a bear. All at once, your heart starts pounding, you feel fear, and you run. This description BEST illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) commonsense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 56

Scott takes an antihistamine, but he doesn't realize that the medication will also increase his overall level of autonomic arousal. Thirty minutes after he has taken the medication he is introduced to Danielle. If Scott incorrectly attributes his increased arousal as attraction for Danielle, it would lend support to

A) Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
D) Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion.

Question 57

According to Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
C) emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.
D) emotions develop because of their adaptive value.

Question 58

While the ____ theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of emotion, the ____ proposes that physiological arousal and the cognitive experience of emotion occur simultaneously.

A) Cannon-Bard; James-Lange
B) James-Lange; Cannon-Bard
C) Cannon-Bard; Schachter two-factor
D) Schachter two-factor; James-Lange

Question 59

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions on the basis of

A) the type of behavior involved.
B) the type of bodily pattern involved.
C) our interpretation of the situation.
D) the emotional expression of others.

Question 60

Schachter's concept of emotion stresses that

A) thoughts precede felt emotion.
B) both bodily arousal and our interpretation of the arousal play a role in emotion.
C) we can have emotions without bodily arousal.
D) different emotions must be based on different patterns of arousal.

Question 61

Evolutionary theorists account for the many different emotions that humans are capable of experiencing by assuming that

A) each emotion is associated with its own distinctive pattern of autonomic arousal.
B) a small number of primary emotions can occur in various combinations and at various intensities.
C) humans use their advanced cognitive skills to make fine distinctions between emotions.
D) each and every specific emotion evolved separately.

Question 62

Your textbook describes a number of approaches for explaining the experience of emotion. From this discussion, we can see that

A) psychology is empirical.
B) psychology is theoretically diverse.
C) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
D) behavior is determined by multiple causes.

Question 63

According to Plutchick's theory of emotion, the three emotions - apprehension, fear, terror

A) are three of the primary emotions.
B) are blends of primary emotions.
C) are variations in intensity of one primary emotion.
D) are all secondary emotions.

Question 64

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents evolutionary theories of emotion?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 65

When the strikers learned that their union's latest offer had been turned down by management, Roger was annoyed, Sylvester was angry, and Clyde was enraged. Robert Plutnik would suggest that these three men were

A) experiencing different unique secondary emotions.
B) experiencing different unique primary emotions.
C) experiencing different intensities of the same primary emotion.
D) each labeling their emotions differently due to differences in experience.

Question 66

Evolutionary theories of emotion show ____ agreement on the number of primary emotions they propose.

A) no
B) little
C) considerable
D) complete

Question 67

The fact that both biological and environmental factors have been shown to jointly govern eating behavior, sexual desire and the experience of emotion is illustrative of which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) The interplay of heredity and environment.
D) Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 68

Because the evolutionary theorists propose that there are only a few innate primary emotions, the great variety of emotions are held to arise from

A) learning new reactions later in life.
B) suppressing natural reactions to stimuli.
C) forming new associations to original cues.
D) blends of primary emotions and variations in intensity.

Question 69

According to evolutionary theories of emotion,

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
C) emotions occur when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system
D) emotions developed because of their adaptive value

Question 70

____ consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli.

A) Evolutionary theories
B) Psychoanalytic theories
C) Behavioral theories
D) Cognitive theories

Question 71

Learned preferences for foods and display rules concerning the expression of emotion BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology of

A) psychology is theoretically diverse.
B) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
D) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.

Question 72

Evolutionary theories of emotion assume all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Emotions are largely innate.
B) Emotions followed thought in the evolutionary sequence.
C) Emotions originate in subcortical brain structures.
D) Humans have a relatively small number of innate emotions with adaptive value.

Question 73

Evolutionary theorists believe that emotions evolved

A) before thought.
B) after thought.
C) simultaneously with thought.
D) as a control on thought.

Question 74

As the three children approached the house that everyone claimed was haunted, Yvette was apprehensive, Mackenzie was afraid, and Jayme was terrified. Robert Plutnik would suggest that these three children were

A) experiencing different unique secondary emotions.
B) experiencing different intensities of the same primary emotion.
C) experiencing different unique primary emotions.
D) each labeling their emotions differently due to differences in experience.

Question 75

The various approaches used to explain motivation and emotion described in the text BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

A) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
B) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) psychology is empirical.
D) psychology is theoretically diverse.

Question 76

While walking down the street you are approached by a man with a gun who demands your money. According to the Schachter two-factor theory of emotion, you are most likely to conclude

A) it is alright to be afraid in this situation.
B) since your heart is pounding in this dangerous situation, you must be afraid.
C) your heart is pounding because you are afraid.
D) you are afraid because your heart is pounding.

Question 77

The research on the sociocultural similarities and differences in expressions of emotions are evidence for which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
D) Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 78

According to evolutionary theory, the diversity of nonprimary emotions people experience results from

A) the absence of specific primary emotions.
B) blends of primary emotions.
C) variations in intensity of primary emotions.
D) blends of and variations in intensity of primary emotions.

Question 79

The controversies surrounding evolutionary theory, aggressive pornography, and the determinants of sexual orientation are evidence for which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
D) Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 80

Evolutionary theories of emotion suggest people exhibit ____ primary emotions.

A) 1-5
B) 5-8
C) 8-10
D) 10-15