Deck 21: Human Development Across the Life Span Part 1

Question 1

The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to

A) the formation of a zygote.
B) the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall.
C) the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development.
D) the last seven months of the pregnancy.

Answer 1

the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development.

Question 2

The ____ is the structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus.

A) zygote
B) amnion
C) uterus
D) placenta

Answer 2

placenta

Question 3

The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus ____, is reached ____.

A) can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
B) can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks
C) first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
D) experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks

Answer 3

can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks

Question 4

The developing organism becomes capable of physical movement during the

A) germinal stage.
B) fetal stage.
C) embryonic stage.
D) postnatal stage.

Question 5

The prenatal period refers to

A) the period from conception to implantation.
B) the nine months before birth.
C) the period of time immediately after birth.
D) the time period before conception takes place.

Question 6

Chelsey is pregnant and she is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies. She should be MOST concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the

A) placental stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Question 7

The first phase of prenatal development is the

A) embryonic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) postnatal stage.

Question 8

A one celled organism formed by the union of the sperm and egg is known as

A) zygote.
B) germinal.
C) embryo.
D) fetus.

Question 9

Felicia is pregnant and her blood pressure has become dangerously high. Her doctor wants to deliver her baby by Cesarean section, even though Felicia is only 27 weeks pregnant. If Felicia's baby is delivered at this point in her pregnancy, the baby will have

A) less than a 10% chance of survival.
B) approximately a 25% chance of survival.
C) almost an 85% chance of survival.
D) virtually a 100% chance of survival.

Question 10

The correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development are

A) germinal, fetal, embryonic.
B) embryonic, fetal, germinal.
C) germinal, embryonic, fetal.
D) fetal, germinal, embryonic.

Question 11

The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through birth, is referred to as the

A) postgerminal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) postnatal stage.

Question 12

Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago, and does not yet know she is pregnant. His wife's pregnancy is currently in the

A) germinal stage
B) embryonic stage
C) fetal stage
D) placental stage

Question 13

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death defines

A) prenatal development.
B) maturation.
C) development.
D) aging.

Question 14

The longest stage of prenatal development is the

A) fetal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) germinal stage.
D) zygotic stage.

Question 15

Premature babies who survive were typically born during the

A) germinal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) postnatal stage.

Question 16

The stage of prenatal development during which most miscarriages are likely to occur is the

A) zygotic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Question 17

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death is known as

A) maturation.
B) the perinatal period.
C) development.
D) childhood.

Question 18

During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?

A) post-natal
B) placental
C) fetal
D) embryonic

Question 19

Avery is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus. If Avery can feel her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in the

A) embryonic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) neonatal stage.

Question 20

A ____ implants itself into the uterine wall and becomes ____.

A) fetus; a zygote
B) sperm; an egg
C) zygote; an embryo
D) embryo; a fetus

Question 21

The germinal stage of prenatal development is

A) the first two weeks after conception.
B) from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception.
C) from two months after conception through birth.
D) the first three months after conception.

Question 22

At the end of the ____ stage of prenatal development, the developing organism is about one inch long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) zygote
D) fetal

Question 23

The cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____ stage of prenatal development.

A) fertilization
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 24

The embryonic stage of prenatal development is

A) the first two weeks after conception.
B) from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception.
C) from two months after conception through birth.
D) the first three months after conception.

Question 25

The germinal stage of prenatal development is

A) the first two weeks after conception.
B) from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception.
C) from two months after conception through birth.
D) the first three months after conception.

Question 26

The approximately nine months of prenatal development occurs in three phases in the following sequence:

A) embryonic, germinal, fetal
B) fertilization, germinal, fetal
C) germinal, embryonic, fetal
D) germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 27

The one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg is the

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) baby.
D) zygote.

Question 28

The embryonic stage of prenatal development is

A) the first two weeks after conception.
B) from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception.
C) from two months after conception through birth.
D) the first three months after conception.

Question 29

Both Amy and Barb are pregnant. Currently Amy's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Barb's is in the longest stage. Amy's pregnancy is in the ____ stage and Barb's is in the ____ stage.

A) germinal; fetal
B) embryonic; fetal
C) germinal; embryonic
D) fetal; germinal

Question 30

The structure that allows both oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother's bloodstream is the

A) uterine wall.
B) zygote.
C) placenta.
D) proximodistal organ.

Question 31

The one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg is the

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) baby.
D) zygote.

Question 32

The structure that allows both oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother's bloodstream is the

A) uterine wall.
B) zygote.
C) placenta.
D) proximodistal organ.

Question 33

The approximately nine months of prenatal development occurs in three phases in the following sequence:

A) embryonic, germinal, fetal
B) fertilization, germinal, fetal
C) germinal, embryonic, fetal
D) germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases of prenatal development?

A) embryonic stage
B) fetal stage
C) fertilization stage
D) germinal stage

Question 35

The ____ stage of prenatal development lasts from two months after conception through birth.

A) fetal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) zygote

Question 36

Both Amy and Barb are pregnant. Currently Amy's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Barb's is in the longest stage. Amy's pregnancy is in the ____ stage and Barb's is in the ____ stage.

A) germinal; fetal
B) embryonic; fetal
C) germinal; embryonic
D) fetal; germinal

Question 37

The cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____ stage of prenatal development.

A) fertilization
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 38

At the end of the ____ stage of prenatal development, the developing organism is about one inch long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) zygote
D) fetal

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases of prenatal development?

A) embryonic stage
B) fetal stage
C) fertilization stage
D) germinal stage

Question 40

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death defines

A) prenatal development.
B) maturation.
C) development.
D) aging.

Question 41

If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother is MOST likely to have

A) had smallpox early in her pregnancy.
B) been an alcoholic.
C) continued to work during pregnancy.
D) smoked during pregnancy.

Question 42

The full-blown fetal alcohol syndrome is produced by

A) heavy drinking during the first three months of pregnancy.
B) heavy drinking during the final three months of pregnancy.
C) one drunken binge at any time during pregnancy.
D) heavy drinking throughout pregnancy.

Question 43

A study begin in Seattle in 1974 (Steissguth, 2007) that followed the offspring of mothers who had engaged in varied amounts of drinking alcoholic beverages during pregnancy found that at age 14, higher prenatal alcohol intake was associated with

A) higher suicide rates.
B) deficits in attention span.
C) drug problems.
D) increased reaction time.

Question 44

Camille drank heavily during the first eight weeks of her pregnancy, but since that time she has abstained from all alcohol. It is MOST likely that Camille's baby will

A) be unaffected by her drinking, because it occurred so early in the pregnancy.
B) have noticeable physical deformities, and an increased risk of mental retardation.
C) have noticeable physical deformities, but no risk of mental retardation.
D) have no physical deformities, but will have an increased risk of mental retardation.

Question 45

Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?

A) respiratory and digestive systems mature
B) sex organs start to develop
C) brain cells multiply at a rapid rate
D) a layer of fat is deposited under the skin

Question 46

Which of the following has NOT been associated with women who smoke during pregnancy?

A) increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, or prematurity
B) increased risk of attention deficit disorder in the infant
C) increased risk for microcephaly in the newborn
D) increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

A) increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth
B) heart defects
C) slower than average cognitive development
D) increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Question 48

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

A) As long as the pregnant woman isn't physiologically addicted to alcohol, it doesn't matter how much she drinks.
B) Three drinks per day can be considered a safe level of alcohol consumption for most pregnant women.
C) Even normal social drinking by the expectant mother may be harmful to the fetus.
D) Alcohol consumption by the mother poses almost no risk to the developing fetus in the last three months of the pregnancy.

Question 49

Physical growth during infancy tends to be

A) slow and steady.
B) slow and episodic.
C) rapid and steady.
D) rapid and episodic.

Question 50

Severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk of

A) heart defects and irritability.
B) birth complications and neurological defects.
C) mental retardation.
D) delayed motor and mental development.

Question 51

Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

A) increased risk of microcephaly
B) heart defects
C) conduct problems
D) decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Question 52

Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of

A) heart disease and diabetes
B) increased vulnerability to schizophrenia
C) mental retardation
D) delayed motor and mental development

Question 53

Developing structures generally are most vulnerable to damage from environmental factors during the ____ of prenatal development.

A) germinal stage
B) embryonic stage
C) fetal stage
D) last two months

Question 54

Based on the study begin in Seattle in 1974 (Steissguth, 2007) that followed the offspring of mothers who had engaged in varied amounts of drinking alcoholic beverages during pregnancy found you would predict that at age 14, a child who did not have fetal alcohol syndrome, but whose mother was a heavy drinker, would exhibit

A) a strong tendency toward suicide.
B) deficits in attention span.
C) drug problems.
D) increased reaction time.

Question 55

If a child is born with a small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother MOST likely ____ during her pregnancy.

A) consumed excessive amounts of alcohol
B) smoked excessively
C) was severely malnourished
D) had a disease such as rubella, syphilis or mumps

Question 56

The potential damage due to prenatal exposure to maternal illness is primarily a function

A) of when the mother contracts the disease.
B) of the severity of the mother's symptoms.
C) of the condition of the mother's overall health.
D) of whether the unborn child is male or female.

Question 57

Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy. As a result, her baby is MOST likely to have

A) malformations of the arms and legs.
B) a small head, heart defects, and irritability.
C) attention deficit disorder and die from sudden infant death syndrome.
D) complications at birth and neurological deficits.

Question 58

Of the factors that may shape development prior to birth, which is the LEAST understood?

A) excessive alcohol use
B) rubella (German measles)
C) fluctuations in maternal emotions
D) tobacco use

Question 59

A study begin in Seattle in 1974 (Steissguth, 2007) that followed the offspring of mothers who had engaged in varied amounts of drinking alcoholic beverages during pregnancy found that at ages 21 and 25, higher prenatal alcohol intake predicted

A) increased tendency toward suicide.
B) increased reports of psychiatric problem.
C) increased incidence of mental retardation.
D) increased reaction time.

Question 60

The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

A) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
C) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.

Question 61

Young Benny can reach for his Cheerios with his arm, but cannot yet pick them up with his fingers and hands. Benny's behavior best illustrates the ____ trend of motor development.

A) proximodistal
B) proximocaudal
C) cephalocaudal
D) cephalodistal

Question 62

As children grow older and acquire specialized motor skills, which of the following becomes increasingly critical?

A) maturation
B) experience
C) genetic predispositions
D) nutrition

Question 63

When groups of subjects of differing ages are compared at a single point in time, the study is called a

A) cross-sectional study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cross-cultural study.
D) sequential study.

Question 64

The proximodistal trend suggests children gain control of their

A) torso before their extremities.
B) extremities before their torso.
C) upper body before their lower body.
D) lower body before their upper body.

Question 65

New research into the process of motor development suggests that

A) development gradually unfolds in a sequence of pre-programmed physical changes.
B) progress is attributed to infants experimentation and learning the consequences of their activities.
C) motor development progresses as children gain control over their hips and legs and then their shoulders and arms.
D) genetically programmed physical changes determine when a child crawls and walks.

Question 66

Developmental norms indicate

A) the mean age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
B) the median age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
C) the modal age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
D) the exact age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.

Question 67

Children tend to gain control of the upper part of their bodies before the lower part. This describes the

A) maturational trend.
B) developmental trend.
C) cephalocaudal trend.
D) proximodistal trend.

Question 68

The proximodistal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

A) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.
C) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.

Question 69

Experience and training exert their effects on motor behavior

A) more as the child becomes older.
B) less as the child becomes older.
C) most at the very first, and less as the child grows older.
D) about equally at all phases of development.

Question 70

In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs. This motor development sequence is an example of

A) the cephalocaudal trend.
B) the proximodistal trend.
C) the cephalopedal trend.
D) encephalitis.

Question 71

Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds, and she assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is using

A) a longitudinal research design.
B) a cross-sectional research design.
C) a multi-factorial research design.
D) a nested condition research design.

Question 72

When the same group of subjects are repeatedly compared at different points in time, the study is called a

A) cross-sectional study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cross-cultural study.
D) sequential study.

Question 73

When differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods, this is a

A) cross-sectional effect.
B) longitudinal effect.
C) cohort effect.
D) time of testing effect.

Question 74

The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____.

A) vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
B) vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
C) do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor development
D) do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development

Question 75

According to the ____ trend, you would expect your newborn niece to be able to raise her head when on her stomach before she can sit.

A) maturational
B) developmental
C) cephalocaudal
D) proximodistal

Question 76

Maturation is

A) the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.
B) the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.
C) development that reflects experience and learning.
D) development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint.

Question 77

Children gain control of their movements in a head-to-foot direction according to the ____ trend and they gain control in a center-outward direction according to the ____ trend.

A) cephalodistal; proximocaudal
B) cephalocaudal; proximodistal
C) proximocaudal; cephalodistal
D) proximodistal; cephalocaudal

Question 78

Cultural variations in the emergence of basic skills such as sitting and walking demonstrate that environmental factors

A) do not affect early motor development.
B) can accelerate or slow early motor development.
C) can accelerate early motor development.
D) can slow early motor development.

Question 79

Cohort effects are MOST closely associated with which research design?

A) longitudinal
B) sequential
C) cross-sectional
D) time of testing

Question 80

According to the basic sequences of progression of motor maturation, which of the following body structures should take the longest to come under effective control?

A) torso
B) shoulders
C) arms
D) fingers