Deck 2: The Evolution of Psychology Part 2

Question 1

The idea that Freud's theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime implies that psychology's development is influenced by the

A) social context.
B) empirical context.
C) historical context.
D) sociohistorical context.

Answer 1

sociohistorical context.

Question 2

The development of psychology as a science has been influenced by

A) historical factors but not social factors.
B) social factors but not historical factors.
C) neither historical nor social factors.
D) both historical and social factors.

Answer 2

both historical and social factors.

Question 3

Which of the following qualifies as empirically-based knowledge?

A) intuition
B) insight
C) logical consistency
D) observed actions

Answer 3

observed actions

Question 4

The text describes seven unifying themes that provide continuity throughout psychology. The two primary divisions of the themes relate to

A) psychology is a science and psychology is a profession.
B) psychology is a science and psychology utilizes theories.
C) psychology studies behavior and psychology is a science.
D) psychology studies behavior and people are subjective.

Question 5

Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through

A) logical reasoning.
B) common sense.
C) historical tradition.
D) direct observation.

Question 6

Dr. Kline takes an eclectic approach in treating psychological disorders. She often prescribes medications that influence neurotransmitter levels, but she also works with her clients to change their behavior and understand the impact of social factors in their problems. Dr. Kline's approach to therapy illustrates the idea that

A) our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior.
B) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
C) unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behavior.
D) differing theoretical perspectives can provide a more complete understanding of behavior.

Question 7

Which of the following professionals receive general training in medicine and receive an M.D. (medical doctor) degree?

A) psychiatrists only
B) clinical psychologists only
C) counseling psychologists only
D) psychiatrists and clinical psychologists

Question 8

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

A) Social trends influence psychology's development.
B) Psychology influences social trends and practices.
C) Interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and what happens in society at large.
D) There is little relationship between what happens in psychology and what happens in society at large.

Question 9

The idea that psychology is empirical suggests that

A) reason and logic are primary to psychology.
B) conclusions should be guided by theories.
C) conclusions should be based on direct observation.
D) research should focus on underlying, internal events.

Question 10

One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?

A) The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives.
B) Only one of the two psychologists can be correct.
C) Insufficient data have been collected to support either explanation.
D) The two psychologists are probably using different sociohistorical contexts.

Question 11

The idea that knowledge should be acquired through observation is referred to as

A) structuralism.
B) empiricism.
C) functionalism.
D) nativism.

Question 12

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of empiricism?

A) documentation
B) speculation
C) skepticism
D) observation

Question 13

Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. We can say, therefore, that psychology is

A) behavioral.
B) speculative.
C) empirical.
D) rational.

Question 14

In trying to understand the psychology of addiction, Dr. Jackson focuses on the neurochemical changes that occur, Dr. Fong focuses on the consequences that people experience for their behavior, and Dr. Wenkle focuses on the cognitive processes that people use in choosing their actions. The different perspectives of these three professionals help to illustrate the underlying theme that

A) psychology is theoretically diverse.
B) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) psychology is empirical.
D) our experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 15

Which of the following BEST describes what a theory is?

A) an explanation of unobservable phenomena
B) a system of interrelated ideas used to explain some observation
C) a string of unrelated observations
D) related speculations that are based on common sense

Question 16

A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called

A) a theory.
B) an empirical set.
C) a hypothesis.
D) a sociohistorical context.

Question 17

In conducting a research study psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that

A) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
B) our experience of the world is highly subjective.
C) psychology is empirical.
D) behavior is determined by multiple causes.

Question 18

Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is MOST consistent with

A) empiricism.
B) structuralism.
C) functionalism.
D) humanism.

Question 19

Liam is reading a magazine article about a new "wonder drug" and finds himself wondering who participated in the study, and what evidence the claims are based on. Liam's thinking illustrates the idea that

A) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
B) information needs to be viewed with a certain degree of skepticism.
C) single-cause explanations are often inaccurate.
D) sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum.

Question 20

Empiricism refers to a

A) school of psychology.
B) sub-field of psychology.
C) position on how information should be acquired.
D) theoretical orientation about life.

Question 21

Dr. Scarply believes that if all violent programming were banned, aggressive behavior would almost completely disappear. This type of explanation for the prevalence of aggressive behavior is inconsistent with the view that

A) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
B) heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior.
C) perception is often subjective.
D) behavior is determined by multiple causes.

Question 22

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation defines

A) introspection.
B) philosophy.
C) subjective.
D) empiricism.

Question 23

A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on

A) personal factors more than situational factors.
B) situational factors more than personal factors.
C) both personal and situational factors.
D) the relationship between you and your professor.

Question 24

A scientist uses ____ to explain a set of observations.

A) a theory
B) common sense
C) introspection
D) empiricism

Question 25

The fact that your performance in this course will be affected by both personal and situational factors BEST supports which of the following?

A) a multifactorial causation of behavior approach
B) the single-cause explanation of behavior
C) the dual-cause explanation of behavior
D) a psychoanalytic approach to explaining behavior

Question 26

During the last few decades people have become more aware of the sexual abuse of children by adults, and psychologists have devoted more research attention to the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse. These observations BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology?

A) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
B) behavior is determined by multiple causes
C) psychology is theoretically diverse
D) people's experience of the world is highly subjective

Question 27

The text's unifying theme that "psychology is empirical" implies that psychologists base their conclusions on

A) logical reasoning.
B) speculation.
C) direct observations.
D) common sense.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the text's unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study?

A) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
B) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
C) psychology is empirical
D) psychology is theoretically diverse

Question 29

A theory is

A) a statement of fact that describes a set of observations.
B) a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
C) the premise that knowledge should be acquired through logical reasoning.
D) the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

Question 30

Which of the following approaches do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are highly subjective?

A) They also try to remain somewhat subjective.
B) They try to simplify their research problems.
C) They consistently apply the scientific method.
D) They emphasize the study of internal mechanisms.

Question 31

Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following?

A) ideographic nature
B) culture
C) ontogeny
D) phylogeny

Question 32

When Watson proposed that psychology should only study observable behaviors and not consciousness he was emphasizing the unifying theme that

A) behavior is influenced by multiple causes.
B) people's experience of the world is highly subjective.
C) psychology should use theories.
D) psychology should be empirical.

Question 33

The civil rights movement and the women's movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. This change in practice illustrates the idea that

A) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
B) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
C) science evolves in a sociohistorical context.
D) theoretical diversity is an important component in science.

Question 34

The concept of culture is MOST closely related to which of the following?

A) an individual's collective unconscious
B) a genetic predisposition to behave in a particular way
C) unconscious urges to satisfy one's basic instincts
D) widely shared customs, beliefs, and values among members of a group

Question 35

The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that

A) psychology has not, as yet, focused on empirical observations.
B) there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations.
C) psychology focuses on unrelated observations.
D) psychology is failing in the goal of being a science.

Question 36

The text's unifying theme that "psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context" implies that

A) there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations.
B) knowledge should be acquired through observation.
C) shared customs, beliefs, and values are transmitted socially across generations.
D) dense interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and in society at large.

Question 37

While Freud might explain an individual's depression by focusing on the person's unconscious thoughts, a physiological psychologist might focus instead on a chemical imbalance in the brain. This difference in explanations BEST illustrates the text's unifying theme of

A) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
B) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
C) psychology is theoretically diverse.
D) psychology is empirical.

Question 38

Zoe believes that Samantha has trouble forming long-term relationships because her parents were overly strict during Samantha's toilet training. This type of explanation for Samantha's current behavior is inconsistent with the view that

A) heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior.
B) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
C) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
D) perception is often subjective.

Question 39

Which of the following is one of the text's unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study?

A) people's experience of the world is highly subjective
B) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
C) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
D) behavior is determined by multiple causes

Question 40

Which of the following BEST describes the unifying theme that "psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context"?

A) psychology develops in a cultural vacuum
B) psychological research and theories have an impact on society
C) social trends and values have an impact on psychology
D) psychology and society both influence each other

Question 41

Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a cold and strict instructor, you

A) will probably not be affected much by this expectation unless the instructor is, in fact, cold and strict.
B) will probably perceive the instructor as being cold and distant.
C) will probably not be affected unless you are allowed to compare the instructor to one who is warm and friendly.
D) may perceive the instructor as cold and strict, but only if the lecture topic is interesting to you.

Question 42

The fact that Princeton students "saw" Dartmouth students engage in twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game is MOST consistent with

A) reliance on empirical evidence.
B) multifactorial causation of behavior.
C) subjectivity of perception.
D) unconscious motivation.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about the influence of culture is LEAST accurate?

A) The influence of culture is everywhere.
B) Our cultural heritage has a pervasive impact on our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
C) There is not much diversity in the behavior among members of the same culture.
D) There are both differences and similarities across cultures in behavior.

Question 44

In everyday life people usually think of a behavior as having ____, while in contrast psychology views behavior as having ____.

A) a subjective cause; an objective cause
B) an objective cause; a subjective cause
C) multiple causes; a single cause
D) a single cause; multiple causes

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the concept of cultural heritage is LEAST accurate?

A) It can be applied to small as well as to large groups.
B) Much of one's cultural heritage is invisible.
C) It can influence educational success and physical health.
D) We generally feel a need to discuss our cultural heritage with others.

Question 46

Which of the following is one of the text's unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology?

A) psychology is theoretically diverse
B) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
C) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
D) psychology is empirical

Question 47

A host in which of the following countries is MOST likely to be insulted if dinner guests eat all the food they are served?

A) China
B) India
C) Korea
D) the United States

Question 48

Which of the following BEST characterizes a psychologist's current understanding of the relationship between heredity and environment?

A) motives and expectations can color our experiences
B) genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior
C) our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior
D) theoretical diversity is an important component in science

Question 49

Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a warm and friendly instructor, you

A) will probably not be affected much by this expectation unless the instructor is, in fact, warm and friendly.
B) will probably perceive the instructor as being warm and friendly.
C) will probably not be affected unless you are allowed to compare the instructor to one who is cold.
D) may perceive the instructor as warm and friendly, but only if the lecture topic is interesting to you.

Question 50

Nature is to nurture as

A) experience is to environment.
B) learning is to knowing.
C) heredity is to environment.
D) behavior is to doing.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the text's unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology?

A) people's experience of the world is highly subjective
B) psychology is theoretically diverse
C) behavior is determined by multiple causes
D) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior

Question 52

Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes after they had started. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives are almost always late for appointments and meetings. Quan Lee's confusion illustrates the fact that

A) our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior.
B) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
C) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
D) theoretical diversity is an important component in science.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is LEAST consistent with the position that reality is highly subjective?

A) People tend to perceive what they expect to perceive.
B) The nature of reality is the same for most people because of innate mechanisms.
C) We tend to impose organization on the stimuli that we pay attention to.
D) The perception of sights and sounds is an active process.

Question 54

Carly was in favor of the proposed convention center; Colin was against the project. When Carly surveyed people she found that 70% of those she questioned were in favor of the project. Colin's survey found that 75% of those he surveyed were against building the convention center. These differing survey results show that.

A) single-cause explanations are often inaccurate.
B) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
C) theoretical diversity is an important component in science.
D) sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum.

Question 55

The text's two unifying themes of "our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage" and "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" can BEST be viewed as both describing more specialized statements of which other theme?

A) psychology is theoretically diverse
B) behavior is determined by multiple causes
C) people's experience of the world is highly subjective
D) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context

Question 56

Roger and Lydia met for a blind date. Roger had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic and vivacious. During their date Lydia was friendly but she was quite shy and didn't initiate much of the conversation. Still, Roger thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people that he has met, and he can't wait to see her again. Roger's reaction to his date with Lydia shows that

A) unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behavior.
B) people's experience of the world is highly subjective.
C) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
D) cultural heritage has a large impact on behavior.

Question 57

The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations BEST describes a person's

A) cultural heritage.
B) legal heritage.
C) religious heritage.
D) sociohistorical heritage.

Question 58

Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend and she enjoyed it so much that she cleaned her plate. Later she was surprised that he had found her behavior somewhat insulting; she thought she was showing her appreciation. In this case, the couple's miscommunication illustrates the underlying theme that

A) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
B) our experience of the world is highly subjective.
C) heredity and environment jointly determine our behavior.
D) our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 59

Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality?

A) highly objective
B) highly subjective
C) genetically determined
D) a passive process

Question 60

Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that

A) genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior.
B) our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior.
C) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
D) theoretical diversity is an important component in science.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits?

A) find a place to study where you can concentrate
B) set up a schedule for studying
C) avoid taking study breaks while studying
D) reward yourself for studying

Question 62

The "Q" in the SQ3R method of studying refers to which of the following?

A) question
B) quiet
C) quantify
D) quiz

Question 63

The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of

A) empiricism.
B) genetic predisposition.
C) unconscious motivation.
D) behavior modification.

Question 64

The SQ3R study system is designed to promote effective

A) reading of course material
B) writing of themes and essays
C) note-taking of course lectures
D) test-taking strategies

Question 65

The text's unifying theme of "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the

A) nature versus nurture issue.
B) nurture versus nature issue.
C) biological versus psychological issue.
D) psychological versus biological issue.

Question 66

The SQ3R method tends to be more helpful for students with ____ reading ability.

A) extremely low
B) low to medium
C) medium to high
D) extremely high

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique?

A) Set up a schedule for studying.
B) Study in a place where distractions are minimal.
C) Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam.
D) Break major assignments down into smaller component tasks.

Question 68

The correct order of the steps in the SQ3R method is

A) summarize, question, read, recite, review.
B) survey, question, read, recite, review.
C) summarize, question, read, review, recite.
D) survey, question, read, review, recite.

Question 69

That you normally use a knife, fork, and spoon to eat dinner BEST reflects your

A) evolutionary background.
B) subjective thoughts concerning proper behavior.
C) objective thoughts concerning proper behavior.
D) cultural heritage.

Question 70

When faced with a major assignment such as a term paper it is a good idea to

A) set aside a large block of time (for example, an entire weekend) to devote to the assignment.
B) break the assignment down into smaller components.
C) start the assignment with a clear idea of your conclusion in mind.
D) postpone beginning the assignment until shortly before the due date in order to incorporate information from the instructor's lectures into the project.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits?

A) Spread out your studying over a period of time.
B) Allow time for study breaks.
C) Try to tackle simple, routine tasks first, saving larger tasks for later.
D) Find a place to study where distractions are likely to be minimal.

Question 72

If you are like most students, cramming for an exam is a(n) ____ study strategy.

A) beneficial
B) time-efficient
C) ineffective
D) effective

Question 73

Saying out loud the answers to key questions in the textbook constitutes which of the following steps in the SQ3R method?

A) read
B) recite
C) review
D) survey

Question 74

SQ3R refers to a

A) mnemonic device used to recall key information.
B) method of preparing a study schedule.
C) study system designed to promote effective reading.
D) technique designed to reduce test anxiety.

Question 75

Which of the following is the BEST advice for developing sound study habits?

A) Plan your study schedule in advance.
B) Make yourself comfortable in your study area by having your favorite music playing.
C) Try to avoid interrupting your study time with breaks.
D) Tackle simple, routine tasks before taking on larger tasks.

Question 76

The unifying theme "people's experience of the world is highly subjective" MOST directly impacts which other unifying theme?

A) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
B) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
C) psychology is empirical
D) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior

Question 77

The systematic use of rewards in developing effective study habits is MOST consistent with

A) humanism.
B) behaviorism.
C) functionalism.
D) structuralism.

Question 78

That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme of

A) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
B) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
C) people's experience of the world is empirical.
D) people's experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 79

Karen asks you for advice on how to improve her study skills. Which of the following statements BEST illustrates the advice you should give her?

A) She should passively skim the entire chapter all at one time the night before the exam.
B) She should read each section of the chapter out loud numerous times until she can recite the words exactly as they appear on the page from memory.
C) She should convert the section headings of the chapter into questions and then read each section with an eye for answering those questions.
D) She should ignore all of the graphic materials provided in the textbook until the night before her exam since they will only distract her from understanding the text material.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Rs" in the SQ3R method of studying?

A) review
B) remember
C) recite
D) read